DJ
D. Janisch
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The increasing demand for Uncrewed Aircraft Systems (UAS) will begin to strain the capacity of Air Traffic Control (ATC) in the coming years. In particular, the use of UAS to support urban delivery and infrastructure inspection missions poses the greatest opportunity for growth in the UAS sector, but also the highest risk to low-flying crewed aviation in the vicinity of towered aerodromes. Achieving a safe and orderly integration of UAS flights into existing controlled airspace structures will be crucial to prevent collisions between crewed and uncrewed aircraft. Yet, the path to achieve this is anything but straight forward. Recent disruptions and airspace closures caused by reported UAS sightings near major European airports have shown how little-prepared the current air traffic management ecosystem is to integrate UAS flights. Assuming that human Air Traffic Controllers (ATCOs) will not be able to manage the complexities of UAS missions, the aviation industry and regulators are considering the implementation of separate UAS Traffic Management (UTM) systems to guide and manage the flow of UAS and prevent collisions. Their reliance on high levels of automation and limited human intervention presents a challenge in an airspace requiring both Air Traffic Management (ATM) and UTM supervision, such as in the controlled traffic region around towered aerodromes.
The work in this thesis explored how an ecologically-inspired design of a collaborative ATC-UTM interface for tower controllers could assist them in supervising UTM decisions on UAS and achieve a safe and expeditious flow of air traffic within the control zone. The concept relies on the segregation of ATC and UTM areas of responsibility to avoid the issue of having multiple agents (human tower controller vs. automated UTM) manage different traffic in the same airspace. However, dynamic changes in crewed and uncrewed airspace demands may occur, making it necessary to provide flexible airspace management mechanisms. By using tools that automated UTM systems can interpret (geofences and UASspecific commands) human controllers can temporarily turn static airspace segregation into active separation management of individual vehicles to maintain safety...
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The work in this thesis explored how an ecologically-inspired design of a collaborative ATC-UTM interface for tower controllers could assist them in supervising UTM decisions on UAS and achieve a safe and expeditious flow of air traffic within the control zone. The concept relies on the segregation of ATC and UTM areas of responsibility to avoid the issue of having multiple agents (human tower controller vs. automated UTM) manage different traffic in the same airspace. However, dynamic changes in crewed and uncrewed airspace demands may occur, making it necessary to provide flexible airspace management mechanisms. By using tools that automated UTM systems can interpret (geofences and UASspecific commands) human controllers can temporarily turn static airspace segregation into active separation management of individual vehicles to maintain safety...
...
The increasing demand for Uncrewed Aircraft Systems (UAS) will begin to strain the capacity of Air Traffic Control (ATC) in the coming years. In particular, the use of UAS to support urban delivery and infrastructure inspection missions poses the greatest opportunity for growth in the UAS sector, but also the highest risk to low-flying crewed aviation in the vicinity of towered aerodromes. Achieving a safe and orderly integration of UAS flights into existing controlled airspace structures will be crucial to prevent collisions between crewed and uncrewed aircraft. Yet, the path to achieve this is anything but straight forward. Recent disruptions and airspace closures caused by reported UAS sightings near major European airports have shown how little-prepared the current air traffic management ecosystem is to integrate UAS flights. Assuming that human Air Traffic Controllers (ATCOs) will not be able to manage the complexities of UAS missions, the aviation industry and regulators are considering the implementation of separate UAS Traffic Management (UTM) systems to guide and manage the flow of UAS and prevent collisions. Their reliance on high levels of automation and limited human intervention presents a challenge in an airspace requiring both Air Traffic Management (ATM) and UTM supervision, such as in the controlled traffic region around towered aerodromes.
The work in this thesis explored how an ecologically-inspired design of a collaborative ATC-UTM interface for tower controllers could assist them in supervising UTM decisions on UAS and achieve a safe and expeditious flow of air traffic within the control zone. The concept relies on the segregation of ATC and UTM areas of responsibility to avoid the issue of having multiple agents (human tower controller vs. automated UTM) manage different traffic in the same airspace. However, dynamic changes in crewed and uncrewed airspace demands may occur, making it necessary to provide flexible airspace management mechanisms. By using tools that automated UTM systems can interpret (geofences and UASspecific commands) human controllers can temporarily turn static airspace segregation into active separation management of individual vehicles to maintain safety...
The work in this thesis explored how an ecologically-inspired design of a collaborative ATC-UTM interface for tower controllers could assist them in supervising UTM decisions on UAS and achieve a safe and expeditious flow of air traffic within the control zone. The concept relies on the segregation of ATC and UTM areas of responsibility to avoid the issue of having multiple agents (human tower controller vs. automated UTM) manage different traffic in the same airspace. However, dynamic changes in crewed and uncrewed airspace demands may occur, making it necessary to provide flexible airspace management mechanisms. By using tools that automated UTM systems can interpret (geofences and UASspecific commands) human controllers can temporarily turn static airspace segregation into active separation management of individual vehicles to maintain safety...
As concepts for incorporating uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAS) into controlled airspace are being developed, the need for automated UAS traffic management (UTM) systems to guide UAS and maintain safety is becoming more apparent. A major point of concern for the implementation of UTM is how such systems could coexist alongside the human-centric air traffic management system that is already in place. The European Union’s U-space concept proposes the use of dynamic segregation of airspace reserved for UAS within the control zone. We conducted a simulation experiment with ten air traffic control officer (ATCO) volunteers to gather insights into the feasibility of tower controllers performing the dynamic segregation task. An interface prototype that supports dynamic geofencing and low-level UAS control was developed for this purpose. We found that our proposed interface design helped ATCOs detect potential conflicts between UAS and crewed aircraft. However, they were not always able to adequately resolve them, which resulted in several loss of separation events. It appears that the limitations of the dynamic segregation concept do not fit well with typical air traffic control strategies used by ATCOs. To substantiate our findings, we propose future research to investigate how to overcome the limitations of dynamic segregation to resolve tactical conflicts by revising ATCO control strategies, reevaluating their role in dynamic segregation, as well as considering the definition of flight rules and separation minima for UAS.
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As concepts for incorporating uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAS) into controlled airspace are being developed, the need for automated UAS traffic management (UTM) systems to guide UAS and maintain safety is becoming more apparent. A major point of concern for the implementation of UTM is how such systems could coexist alongside the human-centric air traffic management system that is already in place. The European Union’s U-space concept proposes the use of dynamic segregation of airspace reserved for UAS within the control zone. We conducted a simulation experiment with ten air traffic control officer (ATCO) volunteers to gather insights into the feasibility of tower controllers performing the dynamic segregation task. An interface prototype that supports dynamic geofencing and low-level UAS control was developed for this purpose. We found that our proposed interface design helped ATCOs detect potential conflicts between UAS and crewed aircraft. However, they were not always able to adequately resolve them, which resulted in several loss of separation events. It appears that the limitations of the dynamic segregation concept do not fit well with typical air traffic control strategies used by ATCOs. To substantiate our findings, we propose future research to investigate how to overcome the limitations of dynamic segregation to resolve tactical conflicts by revising ATCO control strategies, reevaluating their role in dynamic segregation, as well as considering the definition of flight rules and separation minima for UAS.
The forecasted increase in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) traffic in lower airspace raises concerns for maintaining the safety and efficiency of flight operations near towered airports. Regulatory bodies envision a collaborative interface between UAV traffic management and air traffic management to allow for coordinated operations of both systems. This study identifies the main challenges that such an environment poses for tower control. To address these challenges, an initial design for a collaborative tower control display is introduced. Remote human-in-the-loop simulations with professional air traffic controllers confirmed the usefulness of several interface elements (in particular, UAV priority and routing indications), as well as the utilization of a grid of geofences to dynamically segregate UAVs from manned aircraft. Surprisingly, the control strategy for geofence activation was similar to that of managing manned aircraft from a tower control perspective. Participants also mentioned that they would like more control over UAV traffic than initially expected. Performance could be improved by increasing predictability of UAV routing, adding conflict detection support as well as providing more authority over individual UAV locomotion supported by a tailored geofence structure. Further work is needed to investigate controller behavior in an environment that also requires control over manned traffic.
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The forecasted increase in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) traffic in lower airspace raises concerns for maintaining the safety and efficiency of flight operations near towered airports. Regulatory bodies envision a collaborative interface between UAV traffic management and air traffic management to allow for coordinated operations of both systems. This study identifies the main challenges that such an environment poses for tower control. To address these challenges, an initial design for a collaborative tower control display is introduced. Remote human-in-the-loop simulations with professional air traffic controllers confirmed the usefulness of several interface elements (in particular, UAV priority and routing indications), as well as the utilization of a grid of geofences to dynamically segregate UAVs from manned aircraft. Surprisingly, the control strategy for geofence activation was similar to that of managing manned aircraft from a tower control perspective. Participants also mentioned that they would like more control over UAV traffic than initially expected. Performance could be improved by increasing predictability of UAV routing, adding conflict detection support as well as providing more authority over individual UAV locomotion supported by a tailored geofence structure. Further work is needed to investigate controller behavior in an environment that also requires control over manned traffic.