Accurate prediction of both the Widmanstätten start (W_s) temperature and the transformation stasis requires a quantitative description of the energy barrier governing the growth of Widmanstätten ferrite. In this study, a concise model is developed by explicitly distinguishing the energy barriers associated with lengthening and thickening. The model adopts the lengthening barrier attributed to curvature and strain energies, and further incorporates the thickening barrier caused by strain energy, together with the diffusional dissipation of substitutional solute. The W_s temperature is predicted by the condition under which the energy barriers for both lengthening and thickening can be overcome, while transformation stasis occurs when the thickening barrier becomes insurmountable due to progressive carbon enrichment of untransformed austenite. The new model enables accurate prediction of the W_s temperatures across Fe-xC and Fe-0.1C-xMn/Ni/Si/Cr/Mo systems and the carbon enrichment in austenite at stasis in Fe-C-Mn and Fe-C-Mn-Si alloys.

Compared to search engine result pages (SERPs), AI-generated podcasts represent a relatively new and relatively more passive modality of information consumption, delivering narratives in a naturally engaging format. As these two media increasingly converge in everyday information-seeking behavior, it is essential to explore how their interaction influences user attitudes, particularly in contexts involving controversial, value-laden, and often debated topics. Addressing this need, we aim to understand how information mediums of present-day SERPs and AI-generated podcasts interact to shape the opinions of users. To this end, through a controlled user study (N = 483), we investigated user attitudinal effects of consuming information via SERPs and AI-generated podcasts, focusing on how the sequence and modality of exposure shape user opinions. A majority of users in our study corresponded to attitude change outcomes, and we found an effect of sequence on attitude change. Our results further revealed a role of viewpoint bias and the degree of topic controversiality in shaping attitude change, although we found no effect of individual moderators.