Fatigue damage prognosis always requires a degradation model describing the damage evolution with time; thus, the prognostic performance highly depends on the selection of such a model. The best model should probably be case specific, calling for the fusion of multiple degradation models for a robust prognosis. In this context, this paper proposes a scheme of online fusing multiple models in a particle filter (PF)-based damage prognosis framework. First, each prognostic model has its process equation built through a physics-based or data-driven degradation model and has its measurement equation linking the damage state and the measurement. Second, each model is independently processed through one PF to provide one group of particles. Then, the particles from all models are adopted for remaining useful life prediction. Finally, the particles from each PF are fused with those from all the other PFs to improve their particle diversity, and consequently, to provide better estimation and prognostic performance. The feasibility and robustness of the proposed method are validated by an experimental study, where an aluminum lug structure subject to fatigue crack growth is monitored by a guided wave measurement system.

Distributed Optical Fiber Sensors (DOFS) show several inherent benefits with respect to conventional strain-sensing technologies and represent a key technology for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM). Despite the solid motivation behind DOFS-based SHM systems, their implementation for real-time structural assessment is still unsatisfactory outside academia. One of the main reasons is the lack of rigorous methodologies for uncertainty quantification, which hinders the performance assessment of the monitoring system. The concept of Probability of Detection (POD) should function as the guiding light in this process, but precautions must be taken to apply this concept to SHM, as it has been originally developed for Non-Destructive Evaluation techniques. Although DOFS have been the object of numerous studies, a well-established methodology for their performance evaluation in terms of PODs is still missing. In the present work, the concept of Probability of Delamination Detection (POD²) is proposed for a DOFS network; Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) Double-Cantilever Beam (DCB) specimens equipped with DOFS have been tested under static loading, and the strain patterns along with the relative observed delamination size have been collected to generate an adequate database for the POD analysis, suggesting a reference methodology to quantify the performance of DOFS for delamination detection.

Machine learning (ML) methods for the structural health monitoring (SHM) of composite structures rely on sufficient domain knowledge as they typically demand to extract damage-sensitive features from raw data before training the ML model. In practice, prior knowledge is not available in most cases. Deep learning (DL) methods, on the other hand, can obtain higher-level features from raw input data and have proven superior in several applications. This paper proposes a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based approach for the delamination prediction in CFRP double cantilever beam (DCB) specimens using raw local array strain measurements via distributed optical fiber sensors. The conventional CNN architecture is modified to perform regression, as the delamination size is a continuous value. 1D and 2D CNN architectures are deployed and compared and different techniques are exploited to encode 1D spatial strain pattern series as 2D images. Raw strain patterns collected during static testing are used to train the CNNs, while testing is performed on unseen raw fatigue strain patterns, showing the CNN ability to automatically extract discriminative features from the non-pre-processed static strain pattern-based signals that generalize to raw fatigue signals as well. This strategy has the potential to reduce fatigue testing expenditures while also shortening the time required to gather training data.

Despite the promising application of Distributed Optical Fiber Sensors (DOFS) in monitoring damage in composite structures, their implementation outside academia is still unsatisfactory due to the lack of a systematic approach to assessing their damage detection performance. The existing tool developed for non-destructive evaluation, Probability of Detection (POD) curves, needs to be adapted for structural health monitoring applications to account for spatial and temporal dependency. Damage detection performance with DOFS is deeply related to the inherent variability sources of the system, the strain transfer properties of the optical fiber, and the loading conditions, which determine the damage-induced strain on the structure. This paper establishes a systematic approach based on the Length at Detection (LaD) method to qualify DOFS for damage detection in composites under different scenarios. Specifically, this study considers two DOFS with different strain transfer properties for monitoring delamination in carbon fiber reinforced polymers double-cantilever beam specimens under mode I quasi-static and fatigue loading. The POD curves derived from the LaD method confirm that this methodology can quantify the change in the detection performance due to the DOFS type and the loading conditions. The study also proposes a practical solution to compare POD curves obtained with different sample sizes, by introducing the concept of virtual specimens to simulate the lower confidence bound convergence.