This paper reports exposure of five different sealants to simulated well conditions with supercritical CO2 containing H2S or H2SO4 as impurities. Three of these sealants are based on Portland Cement, while the other two are based on Calcium Aluminate Cement, and a rock-based geopolymer specifically developed for Geological CO2 Storage (GCS). The impact of the impurities on these sealants was assessed through scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, computed tomography scanning, and fluid chemical analysis, and compared to previous research where the same five sealants were exposed to clean CO2 under otherwise identical conditions.

The results show that during exposure to CO2-saturated water, the presence of H2S mostly resulted in enhanced sealant alteration depths, and reduced carbonate precipitation. During exposure to wet supercritical CO2, the presence of H2S or H2SO4 resulted in reduced carbonate precipitation, and enhanced alteration depths in some (H2S) or all (H2SO4) sealants. Additionally, relatively minor degradation was observed in the outer 100–200 μm of samples exposed in the presence of H2SO4. Overall, the impacts of impurities were more pronounced for sealants that were more affected by exposure to clean CO2.

Maintaining well integrity is a key challenge to the secure geological storage of CO2. Here, sealants based on Portland Cement form a key component, providing seals between the steel wellbore and surrounding caprock, as well as plugs for sealing wells that will no longer be used. However, exposure of sealants based on Portland Cement to CO2-bearing fluids may lead to carbonation, potentially followed by degradation of these materials during prolonged exposure or flow, which may thus negatively impact well integrity. Therefore, new sealant materials need to be developed to help ensure long-term well integrity.

This paper reports exposure of five different sealants to CO2-saturated water and wet supercritical CO2 at in-situ conditions (80 °C and 10 MPa). Three of the sealants investigated are based on Portland Cement, while the other two are based on Calcium Aluminate Cement, and a rock-based geopolymer specifically developed for Geological CO2 Storage (GCS). The five sealants were selected to represent different methods for improving wellbore seal integrity, such as restricting permeability (and porosity), or modifying how the material interacts with CO2-bearing fluids. Exposures were carried out in a purpose-built batch apparatus, enabling simultaneous exposure of up to 10 samples in total to CO2-saturated water and wet supercritical CO2.

After exposure, changes in the sealants’ microstructures and chemical and mineralogical compositions were assessed using scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, computed tomography scanning, and fluid chemical analysis. The impact of exposure to CO2-bearing fluids was interpreted in terms of alteration and degradation of the materials, to compare how different sealant design modifications can be employed to enhance wellbore integrity.