Backward erosion piping (BEP), a form of internal soil erosion, often threatens the safety of dykes built on alluvial deposits. To reduce the risk of dyke failure due to piping, reliable and cost-effective mitigation measures are essential. For the first time, this paper proposes the use of nature-inspired low-permeability barriers to mitigate BEP. The potential of this novel solution is demonstrated in a series of laboratory physical tests. Low-permeability barriers are created by mixing sand either with aluminium-organic matter flocs, or clay. The results show that both kinds of barriers can significantly inhibit pipe progression and intercept the erosion channels. The hydraulic gradients required for pipes to reach the barrier are significantly higher than the critical gradient measured in the absence of barriers, ranging from 2·2 to 7·4 times greater than those in sand alone. The associated mitigating mechanisms include the dissipation of flow energy, resistance to internal erosion due to pore space clogging and prevention of sand fluidisation. The mitigating effect is affected by the reduction of hydraulic conductivity, the depths and the heterogeneity of barriers. The findings of this experimental work provide guidance for the design of low-permeability barriers in practice and contribute to the development of numerical models for BEP.