We assess the case of the abrupt discontinuation of the three-in-one policy, a high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) restriction, in Jakarta, with the objective of mapping potential interdependencies in the transportation system. Statistical investigation of the passenger volume in the bus rapid transit (BRT) system in the whole city before and after the policy change revealed a significant increase in the number of passengers during peak hours, especially in the evening period. The extent of the increase, however, depended on whether the area had been subject to the initial policy restriction. The case of sudden discontinuation of the three-in-one policy in Jakarta illustrates how a change in policy aimed at a single transportation mode may spill over to alternative transportation modes. The importance of acknowledging the systemic nature of urban transportation systems when altering policies intended to discourage the use of a single transportation mode within the larger transportation network is discussed.

Human judgment, an almost inextricable ingredient in demand forecasting, introduces many unintentional and intentional biases to the forecasting and operations planning process. In the present research, we isolate intentional biases from this process and relate them to heterogeneous departmental roles and incentives. Through a laboratory experiment, which simulates forecasting operations planning in an interdepartmental decision-making context, we examine the effects of departmental roles, incentives and various weighting schemes on forecasting behavior and performance. We find that departmental roles, even without role-specific incentives, entail intentional biases of 8% of the forecast, and that role-specific incentives increase these biases to 14%. We further test the claim that accuracy-weighted schemes can remove biases in forecasting, and conclude that they halve, but don't fully remove them. Finally, a weighting scheme that explicitly corrects biased inputs shows great promise in reducing intentional and unintentional biases. In our experiment, this scheme reduces biases by 35%. This shows the importance of disentangling intentional and unintentional biases for more effective forecasting adjustments. Our insights have substantial ramifications for the design of the forecasting operations planning process in dynamic business environments determined by high levels of role- and incentive-based heterogeneity.

Car sharing services gain momentum as a potential alternative to various modes of transportation, including privately owned cars. This trend goes hand in hand with a renewed interest in the sharing economy, which has as essential premise that product ownership is of minor relevance. Using an online experiment, this study investigates if individual differences in psychological ownership influence the effects of well-known instrumental car attributes (price, parking convenience, and car type) on people's intentions to select a shared car. Results confirmed that instrumental attributes generally impact preferences for car sharing services, and that a low psychological ownership may lead to a higher preference for a shared car under specific circumstances. This suggests that not only instrumental car attributes, but also psychological disposition, specifically psychological ownership, of potential customers need to be taken into consideration when developing measures to stimulate car sharing services in society.