Binary and ternary neural networks offer substantial reductions in memory and computational cost, making them attractive for deployment on resource-constrained devices. Training these networks remains challenging because quantization functions are non-differentiable, requiring gradient approximations such as the Straight-Through Estimator (STE).

This work presents a systematic ablation study of the effects of different training configurations on ResNet-20 on CIFAR-10. We evaluated eleven STE variants and independently examined the effects of weight clipping and batch normalization. All ternary variants perform within 0.73 percentage points of the 91.61% full-precision baseline, with the polynomial STE achieving the best result of 91.23%. For binary, all variants reach 1.66 percentage points below the baseline, with tanh STE being the highest performer (90.35%). We find that the choice of STE has only a minor impact on final accuracy; however, STEs differ in training stability, with smoother estimators providing more consistent convergence.

Batch normalization had the greatest effect on performance; removing it reduced accuracy by up to 8.66 percentage points. Weight clipping yielded a smaller but consistent benefit, with an optimal clipping factor of f = 4.0, improving accuracy by 0.26 and 0.5 percentage points, respectively. Combining these findings, we identified effective training configurations for both ternary and binary networks: the optimal ternary setup (Using Trained Ternary Quantization) achieved 91.52% accuracy on ResNet-20/CIFAR-10, while the optimal binary configuration (Using XNOR-Net quantization) reached 90.78% accuracy, an improvement over prior baselines in both cases.