Stormwater biofiltration systems (SBS) are a popular technology for mitigating the negative effects of urbanization on the hydrological processes and water quality in urban areas. However, little is known about SBS's long-term performance in actual field conditions. The findings of a review of the scientific literature on the long-term performance of SBS are presented in this paper. The findings show that only a few studies have investigated the performance of SBS and its change over time, and that the results of laboratory and field experiments differed due to the presence of plants, regular maintenance, and some uncertain environmental factors. Based on the existing knowledge gaps in this field, the main challenges observed was the lack of long-term field data series, and the existing mathematical models are not able to accurately forecast the long-term performance of SBS. This could be owing to the difficulties in monitoring activities, the high costs involved and the unpredictability around the operational timeframe. Future study should concentrate on the implementation of simulation and modeling-based research in pilot and full-scale SBS, and the inclusion of new performance indicators should be considered as a priority.

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This study evaluated a novel three-stage process devoted to the cascade production of lactate, biohydrogen and methane from tequila vinasse (TV), with emphasis on attaining a high and stable biohydrogen production rate (HPR) by utilizing lactate as biohydrogen precursor. In the first stage, tailored operating conditions applied to a sequencing batch reactor were effective in sustaining a lactate concentration of 12.4 g/L, corresponding to 89% of the total organic acids produced. In the second stage, the stimulation of lactate-centered dark fermentation which entails the decoupling of biohydrogen production from carbohydrates utilization was an effective approach enabling stable biohydrogen production, having HPR fluctuations less than 10% with a maximum HPR of 12.3 L/L-d and a biohydrogen yield of 3.1 L/LTV. Finally, 1.6 L CH4/L-d and 6.5 L CH4/LTV were obtained when feeding the biohydrogen fermentation effluent to a third methanogenic stage, yielding a global energy recovery of 267.5 kJ/LTV.@en