The e-commerce market is growing rapidly and PostNL continues to strive for delivery to the doorstep. The last mile of delivery is considered the most impactful part of the logistical chain. On top of environmental impact, the liveability of the city centre is challenged by bulky delivery vans rushing through narrow streets and blocking the way to deliver parcels in time. Municipalities have ambitions to expel unsustainable and big vehicles from their city centres, making it a pressing matter for PostNL to change its approach.    PostNL committed to deliver 100% emission-free and nuisance-poor in 25 Dutch city centres by 2025. Emission-free delivery is achieved through deploying an electric fleet, but nuisance-poor delivery asks for a strategy to reduce congestion and make traffic situations safer.  PostNL aims to deploy light electric vehicles (Licht Elektrisch VrachtVervoer in Dutch) in the last-mile but is unsure what type of LEVV vehicle must drive on what road type to optimally reduce nuisance. The vehicle options are a bike-type LEVV and a truck-type LEVV as PostNL is unsure which one to choose and by testing both a full coverage of street-types is possible.    This research showed what information must be gathered for PostNL to decide what vehicle would cause the least nuisance on a type of street. The information helps them create routes for a vehicle-type which would cause minimal nuisance, while still being efficient. The information is used to create a model of choice theory, which helps PostNL decide what LEVV should drive on what street to reduce nuisance. A roadmap shows how this model is digitised and automated to be future proof. Lastly, a communication strategy is made to make sure the system is communicated clearly along the process chain.   Desk research and interviews showed that by focusing on safety and congestion as nuisance, liveability is increased no matter the area within the city. The potential in reducing this nuisance while still being efficient was confirmed in a physical test with both LEVV-types compared to a traditional bus. Two vehicles were selected as models for the design (Fulpra Roll bike and CargoLEV truck).    A survey showed a higher satisfaction rate in customers who received their parcel through sustainable delivery, together with a high vehicle awareness this shows a potential benefit for PostNL in happy customers and reputation.    A first PDCA-cycle (Plan-Do-Check-Act) was used to build the reasoning for choosing one vehicle over the other. City centre streets were categorised into six archetypes, on which every vehicle was judged on its potential to reduce nuisance while parking and driving.    The theory states that if a vehicle can drive and park nuisance poorly, it is the most efficient one as it can move fast through traffic and find a parking space in front of the door of the delivery, reducing walking time.    The second PDCA-cycle showed how this theory can be made into a model of choice which can be used to create routes in all cities.    Weighing factors drop density, street direction, stratona weight and traffic intensity are needed for a weighted calculation to benefit important streets in the calculation and advice. The shape of this advice and how it must be communicated along the process chain concludes this cycle.  In the last design cycle a tactical roadmap is created that shows how the system evolves into an adaptive and pro-active route planning tool supported and improved by future road work data and driver feedback.    PostNL ended up with a substantiated theory on vehicle choice and a roll-out plan for using it. Another benefit of this research for PostNL, besides supporting LEVV implementation, is that it supports the argument within PostNL for the value of nuisance reduction as a main KPI besides efficiency.    ... Read more