Ionic FETs have enormous potential for energy conversion, sensing, and ionic circuits due to their efficient regulation of the nanochannel. Here ionic FETs based on single-crystal silicon nanopores and the rectification of the fabricated devices are studied. The electrical characterization results demonstrated that since the silicon-based nanopores have the advantage of modulating the surface charge due to their semiconductor nature and benefitting from the effective 3D gating effect on the nanochannel, the magnitude and polarity of surface charge can be modulated by the gate voltage. The rectification effect can be adjusted by applying a certain voltage and fulfilling a transition between anion selectivity and cation selectivity when the surface charge polarity is reversed. Moreover, current–voltage characteristics of the reported ionic FET can be switched between ohmic and diode-like regimes. The proposed ionic FETs supply a novel platform to study the ionic properties and have great potential to be applied in large-scale ionic circuits due to their excellent performance. Finally, simulation results prove the surface charge modulated by the gate voltage determines the magnitude and direction of rectification, which is consistent with the reported experiment result.@en

The establishment and evolution of the Asian monsoons and arid interior have been linked to uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, retreat of the inland proto-Paratethys Sea and global cooling during the Cenozoic. However, the respective role of these driving mechanisms remains poorly constrained. This is partly due to a lack of continental records covering the key Eocene epoch marked by the onset of Tibetan Plateau uplift, proto-Paratethys Sea incursions and long-term global cooling. In this study, we reconstruct paleoenvironments in the Xining Basin, NE Tibet, to show a long-term drying of the Asian continental interior from the early Eocene to the Oligocene. Superimposed on this trend are three alternations between arid mudflat and wetter saline lake intervals, which are interpreted to reflect atmospheric moisture fluctuations in the basin. We date these fluctuations using magnetostratigraphy and the radiometric age of an intercalated tuff layer. The first saline lake interval is tentatively constrained to the late Paleocene–early Eocene. The other two are firmly dated between ∼46 Ma (top magnetochron C21n) and ∼41 Ma (base C18r) and between ∼40 Ma (base C18n) and ∼37 Ma (top C17n). Remarkably, these phases correlate in time with highstands of the proto-Paratethys Sea. This strongly suggests that these sea incursions enhanced westerly moisture supply as far inland as the Xining Basin. We conclude that the proto-Paratethys Sea constituted a key driver of Asian climate and should be considered in model and proxy interpretations.@en

Active flow control is demanding for new actuation technologies as none of the actual available actuators has reached all the criterions for expecting an implementation in the coming years. Here, a new type of pulsed jet is designed and preliminary measurements of its performances in quiescent flow are conducted. Pulsed operation has been chosen because of the expected high efficiency of pulsed actuation in comparison to continuous blowing. The traditional pulsed jets being limited in term of frequency because of the use of a mechanical valve to achieve the desired pneumatic opening and closing of a jet provided by an external pressure source, the fast response of electrical discharge is exploited in the present investigation. The objective is to modulate the output of a small jet exhausting from a pressurized chamber. A spark discharge is used to affect the thermodynamic state of the gas in order to electrically achieve periodic cancellation of the chocked flow conditions at the throat upstream the jet exit. In the present study, such actuator with additional neck extension and jet diameter enlargement is investigated. The configuration results in a high-speed subsonic jet whose velocity amplitude is modified by an arc discharge with deposited energy from 18 to 780 mJ. Some characteristics of the jet are provided using optical methods such as high-speed Schlieren and PIV. In particular, it is shown that the jet flow velocity can be increased from 50 m.s-1 to 190 m.s-1.@en