Public clients in the Netherlands have committed to dramatically reduce CO2 emissions. To achieve that, Circular Economy is proposed and more specifically a tool that can lead to Circularity, called Product Service Systems (PSS). PSS is a business tool that is innovative for infrastructure, and public clients are investigating the transition towards service-oriented projects. Literature suggests that when public actors undergo transitions, their public values are also affected. It is yet not thoroughly studied how the public values are coupled with PSS. Aim of this research is to investigate how public values are affected when public actors that own infrastructure assets implement PSS. Firstly, a literature review concerning public values is conducting. Then, the PSS characteristics, barriers and benefits are theoretically studied. A framework that couples public values with PSS is designed. To analyze and enrich this framework, a real-life implementation is studied. The Province of North Holland (PNH) served as case study, and more specifically the guardrails pilot that PNH realized within the Circular Road Program. Interviews were conducted to collect the data. To analyse the interviews, thematic analysis was utilized. Two rounds of analysis were conducted, a deductive and a reflective round. The findings of the thematic analysis were validated and generalized by an expert panel consisting of three experts. As a result, the empirical findings of the results were found. An overview is designed and the theoretical and empirical results are presented and compared. The values that are mostly affected when PSS is implemented are Lawfulness, Accountability, Collaboration and Innovation. The overview is a useful input for public clients, because they can gain knowledge about how they can include the values perspective in their decision-making process. ... Read more

‘The Dutch are not going to lose against the sea’, is a commonly accepted quote of the citizens of The Netherlands. Having developed a country below sea level, Dutch people are aware of the challenges of the sea, but are committed in an endless fight against it. Nowadays, with global warming increasing, the challenge for them is even bigger. Sea level rises threateningly, and the estimations about the future conditions are characterized by deep uncertainty. For that reason, the Dutch government identified 13 weak links in the coastal defence system, one of which is the area of interest for this research, the Scheveningen district and its surroundings, belonging to the Municipality of The Hague. Apart from its vulnerable coastal defence position, the area is densely populated and the most popular beach destination of the country. The aim of this research is to provide water safety solutions in the long term (until 2100), while taking into account the stakeholders demands. Secondly, compare the designs and identify specific aspects in which decision makers in the Municipality of The Hague would be forced to make compromises in order to implement a final solution for the project. Thirdly, investigate on additional measures that can complement and optimize the water safety design. For that reason, a background research was conducted through literature reviewing, interviewing experts and stakeholders, in order to collect information about possible sea level rise scenarios, existing boundaries of the system and stakeholders perspectives. The water safety issue was tackled with nature-based solutions following the principles of Integrated Coastal Zone Management by Building with Nature a framework that delivers solutions for sustainable infrastructure. Two solutions packages were obtained. The first one uses a Preserve strategy, attempting to maintain the current coastline position with soft (sandy) interventions where possible, keeping construction costs relatively low. The second package uses an Advance strategy, extending land in the seaward direction, and creating a large space for the development of natural habitats and human activities. To evaluate and compare the resulting designs, a Multi Criteria Analysis was conducted according to five criteria: Recreation and tourism, Social values, Ecology, Economy and Finance, Sustainability, Design. The goal of this part of the analysis is not the selection of a winner option but the assistance to the decision making process by providing strengths and weaknesses of each option, as well as a comparison between the two in terms of the above mentioned criteria. From this point on, this research identified a total of eight aspects where the decision maker, the Municipality of The Hague, would be forced to make some sort of compromises between different interests, in order to implement the project. The evaluation process resulted in a slight preference for the Advance strategy as the most integrated solution package. The optimization of this design was realised and four additional measures were proposed, leading to a more holistic proposal with more chances to bring acceptance among all stakeholders involved. ... Read more