This study explores the intersection of urban safety, gender, and the nighttime economy by combining women’s subjective perceptions with objective spatial and statistical data. It seeks to define what constitutes a "safe public space" and to identify areas in Amsterdam that are either perceived or demonstrated to be unsafe during nighttime hours.

As a background, the research examines the role of formal institutions such as the Amsterdam municipality and NGOs in addressing urban safety concerns. It highlights a significant limitation in current approaches: while existing strategies tend to prioritize the security of private venues such as nightclubs and bars, they often neglect the safety of outdoor public spaces—where many incidents and perceived threats actually take place.

This oversight is particularly critical given that women are disproportionately affected by safety concerns in public spaces at night, both in terms of actual incidents and heightened perceptions of risk. According to the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (2014), 55% of women in the EU avoid certain places or situations for fear of being assaulted, especially after dark. Such gendered disparities highlight the need for safety strategies that go beyond crime statistics to also include emotional and psychological dimensions of urban space.

This study approaches the topic of urban safety from two lens: the female perspective lens and the temporal lens of nighttime. Methodologically, the study adopts a multi-method approach including spatial data analysis, surveys, interviews, and literature reviews. Special focus is placed on incorporating female perspectives through street interviews. Based on the insights generated, the research proposes a design intervention using pattern language methodology within the Bijlmermeer district.

The intervention aims to assess the area’s potential for attracting nighttime economic investment and to develop inclusive spatial strategies that enhance safety through urban programming. The proposed framework not only offers a desirable future vision for Bijlmermeer, but also provides a replicable model for other neighborhoods in Amsterdam.By advocating for closer collaboration between economic stakeholders and human-centered safety interventions, this study aims to foster a more diverse and inclusive nighttime economy—one that promotes not only safer public spaces but also gender equality and the long-term social sustainability of urban communities.

The Nitrogen Crisis has become a focal point for the global community, with the related European policy stirring uncertainty in the agricultural sector. This political unrest has been clearly manifested in the Netherlands, while natural areas remain exposed to high emission levels. Society calls for systematic solutions to the nitrogen issue that conserve the existence of farmers, the preservation of nature and the national economy.

This report focuses on the agricultural sector, as it accounts for 52 per cent of emissions (RIVM, 2022). We investigate opportunities to mitigate NH4 and NO3 surplus in soil caused by current agricultural practices and we spatially explore a systemic approach to cut emissions caused by livestock farms and inefficient use of fertilizers within field crop farming in the Eurodelta region.

Through document review and archival research, followed by spatial analysis and mapping, we investigate what changes in agricultural practice can restore balance in the nitrogen cycle. A vision for the Netherlands’ primary agricultural production future is formulated. This vision focuses on sustainable land use, alongside nature protection, research development and community engagement. We elaborate on this through a spatial
strategy, which concentrates on five strategic projects used to assess the interventions on-site and demonstrate their potential to all stakeholders.

Our proposal involves the recognition of natural protection zones in areas where agriculture borders natural habitats. Actions and policies are suggested to facilitate land conversions and support the farmers in this transition. Furthermore, we propose a network of living labs and community centres aimed at applying sustainable farming methods and connecting the city and agriculture.

We conclude that to prevent harm to human health and the environment we need to explore ways to combine the farmers’ and the environment’s interests. The systemic approach requires equitable regulations governing permissible emissions for farmers throughout the Netherlands. However, it should allow farmers to autonomously shape emission reduction initiatives locally.