Significant efforts have been dedicated to the direct syngas conversion into ethanol, however, achieving a high ethanol yield remains a formidable task. In this study, we present the direct syngas-to-ethanol conversion over Li-promoted RhOx/MgO catalyst (RhOx/Li2O/MgO). The ethanol space-time yield (EtOH STY) and selectivity reached 12.2 mmol gcat–1 h–1 and 20%, respectively, at a 35% CO conversion over the RhOx/Li2O/MgO catalyst. The RhOx/Li2O/MgO catalyst demonstrated superior performance in terms of both ethanol selectivity and STY compared to Rh/Li2O catalysts on other support materials and Rh/MgO catalysts promoted with other alkali metals. In situ/operando spectroscopic techniques, combined with other characterisations and theoretical calculations, have elucidated the interactions between Li2O and Rh on the MgO surface. These interactions promote the formation of new active sites and weaken CO adsorption on the Rh surface, thereby enhancing ethanol production. This work provides a promising strategy for improving ethanol yield in syngas conversion processes.

Plastic waste is a major environmental issue; converting it directly into valuable chemicals by using catalysts is a promising alternative to plastic recycling. Here, we report the selective catalytic cracking of polypropylene (PP), a typical commodity plastic, to high-value light olefins (C2–C5), below pyrolytic temperature (290 °C) and without external hydrogen supply, by using zeolite catalysts. Among the H+-form zeolites with different structures, HMFI showed the highest yields of light hydrocarbons (C2–C5), of which light olefins (C2–C5) were the major products. The HMFI-catalyzed PP conversion was applicable to the upcycling of a model PP waste, resulting in a 61.9% light hydrocarbon yield. The results of catalytic and in situ IR experiments using model HMFI catalysts with a small amount of external Brønsted acid sites suggested that the Brønsted acid sites on the external surface of HMFI are indispensable for the PP conversion and are posited to be the active sites for the cracking of PP into short-chain (oligomeric) hydrocarbon species as intermediate products. Density functional theory analyses were conducted to determine plausible reaction pathways by adopting 2,4-dimethylheptene as the shortest unit of the oligomeric species. The obtained results show that the β-scission of 2,4-dimethylheptene by Brønsted acid sites yields isobutene and propylene (or a propyl alkoxide group) via carbocation intermediates with an activation energy below 118 kJ mol–1. Operando UV–vis and IR experiments under the reaction conditions, combined with ex situ 1H NMR and 13C NMR analyses of the spent catalyst, show that some of the olefins are further converted to light or heavy aromatics (coke deposit), probably via carbenium ion species.

Chemical recycling of polyolefins represented by polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) via catalytic cracking has emerged as a promising strategy for converting waste plastics into valuable hydrocarbons. In this study, we investigated the selective hydrocracking of PP into light alkanes (C₁–C₅) using zeolite catalysts at 280 °C under 1 MPa H₂. An HMFI zeolite with high Al content exhibited the best catalytic performance among various zeolite catalysts tested. In situ DRIFTS comparing bare HMFI and externally-silylated HMFI suggested that the external surface Brønsted acid sites serve as the active sites for the cracking of PP. Combination of in situ DRIFTS and UV–vis spectroscopy analyses identified the formation and consumption of oligomeric species as a reaction intermediate during reaction. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggested that a route in which the carbocation and alkoxide intermediates generated by hydrocracking of PP undergo low-energy barrier transformations into gaseous products such as C₃ and C₄ hydrocarbons. This study advances the development of sustainable polyolefin recycling technologies.