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The world is at a critical point in time with respect to energy and climate change. Fossil fuel supplies are depleting and harmful to the environment. It is thus clear that an alternative source is necessary. The Netherlands, in particular, has committed to producing 10 GW using offshore wind by 2050. This report presents the conceptual design of a 1 GW hybrid offshore wind farm at IJmuiden Ver Gamma‑A that combines 40 Vestas V236‑15 MW horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWTs) with 80 rigid‑wing, ground‑generation airborne wind energy systems (AWES) to exploit stronger high‑altitude winds with lower material use per MW. A structured process that includes a stakeholder analysis, functional decomposition, and trade‑offs, leads to the selection of turbine, AWES architecture, support structures, and a final layout, followed by integrated modelling of performance, RAMS, sustainability, and cost. The hybrid layout increases capacity factor from 46.10% to 54.08% (17.3% relative), boosting annual energy production from 4058.6 GWh to 4737 GWh and cutting array wake losses from 11.31% to 5.19% by vertically stacking generation at 461 m and 760 m. It reduces total installed mass by 21.3% and achieves a projected LCoE of 84.7 €/MWh, meeting mass and cost targets but falling slightly short of the 20% capacity‑factor increase due to the strong HAWT‑only baseline. The design is preliminary, with key uncertainties in high‑altitude wind modelling, AWES sizing, and reliability, motivating recommendations for higher-fidelity simulations, multi‑year resource analysis, and operational data to enable large‑scale deployment of hybrid HAWT-AWES technology.
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The world is at a critical point in time with respect to energy and climate change. Fossil fuel supplies are depleting and harmful to the environment. It is thus clear that an alternative source is necessary. The Netherlands, in particular, has committed to producing 10 GW using offshore wind by 2050. This report presents the conceptual design of a 1 GW hybrid offshore wind farm at IJmuiden Ver Gamma‑A that combines 40 Vestas V236‑15 MW horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWTs) with 80 rigid‑wing, ground‑generation airborne wind energy systems (AWES) to exploit stronger high‑altitude winds with lower material use per MW. A structured process that includes a stakeholder analysis, functional decomposition, and trade‑offs, leads to the selection of turbine, AWES architecture, support structures, and a final layout, followed by integrated modelling of performance, RAMS, sustainability, and cost. The hybrid layout increases capacity factor from 46.10% to 54.08% (17.3% relative), boosting annual energy production from 4058.6 GWh to 4737 GWh and cutting array wake losses from 11.31% to 5.19% by vertically stacking generation at 461 m and 760 m. It reduces total installed mass by 21.3% and achieves a projected LCoE of 84.7 €/MWh, meeting mass and cost targets but falling slightly short of the 20% capacity‑factor increase due to the strong HAWT‑only baseline. The design is preliminary, with key uncertainties in high‑altitude wind modelling, AWES sizing, and reliability, motivating recommendations for higher-fidelity simulations, multi‑year resource analysis, and operational data to enable large‑scale deployment of hybrid HAWT-AWES technology.
As power-electronic (PE)-based systems become increasingly common in the electric power grid, the insulation systems used in medium- and high-voltage (HV) applications will be exposed to high-frequency (HF) electric fields. Therefore, the insulation materials must be characterised using HF waveforms. However, generating these waveforms presents a significant challenge due to the large reactive power associated with the d (Formula presented.) /d (Formula presented.). This paper proposes a resonant test system with a ferrite-based transformer for HF insulation testing. The resonant circuit is formed by the transformer's leakage inductance and the insulation sample capacitance, with an adjustable frequency tuning capacitor. The system can be driven with an inverter or linear power amplifier. Increasing the test voltage level while maintaining the same test frequency presents several challenges: transformer core grounding, high resonant current and implications for bobbin and insulation design. This paper investigates these challenges and proposes an oil-insulated resonant transformer, capable of extending the test voltage to 23 kVpk for HF insulation tests at around 40 kHz. High-frequency breakdown tests are performed on enamelled copper wire in various insulation media using the prototype resonant test system, highlighting the importance of the dielectric's thermal performance.
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As power-electronic (PE)-based systems become increasingly common in the electric power grid, the insulation systems used in medium- and high-voltage (HV) applications will be exposed to high-frequency (HF) electric fields. Therefore, the insulation materials must be characterised using HF waveforms. However, generating these waveforms presents a significant challenge due to the large reactive power associated with the d (Formula presented.) /d (Formula presented.). This paper proposes a resonant test system with a ferrite-based transformer for HF insulation testing. The resonant circuit is formed by the transformer's leakage inductance and the insulation sample capacitance, with an adjustable frequency tuning capacitor. The system can be driven with an inverter or linear power amplifier. Increasing the test voltage level while maintaining the same test frequency presents several challenges: transformer core grounding, high resonant current and implications for bobbin and insulation design. This paper investigates these challenges and proposes an oil-insulated resonant transformer, capable of extending the test voltage to 23 kVpk for HF insulation tests at around 40 kHz. High-frequency breakdown tests are performed on enamelled copper wire in various insulation media using the prototype resonant test system, highlighting the importance of the dielectric's thermal performance.
