Human interstellar exploration involves navigating through a realm of significant uncertainty. Assessing the exact impact and consequences of moving at high velocities through the interstellar medium is challenging. Interstellar space is home to considerable amounts of cosmic dust, comprising microscopic particles with a wide range of sizes and compositions. At high speeds, spacecraft face significant risks from accumulating collisions with these particles. However, the expansive nature of interstellar space currently makes it impossible to accurately measure and chart the spread of this dust along specific trajectories. Interstellar space is also filled with high-energy cosmic rays, emitted by distant stars and other cosmic bodies. Dominated by protons and atomic nuclei, these cosmic rays travel nearly at the speed of light. The enduring effects of exposure to such radiation on the spacecraft, its crew, and the life support systems that sustain them remain unknown. The question then arises how to design an interstellar spacecraft capable of withstanding such inherent uncertainties. The solution requires a system robust enough to remain functional across diverse conditions. To try to cover for all possibilities in a top-down approach quickly becomes unfeasible. A promising direction is a bio-inspired adaptative approach. The Evolving Asteroid Starships (E|A|S) project integrates the utilization and recycling of local resources, self-organization, and bioregenerative principles to create a resilient spacecraft design. This aligns with the top priorities from NASEM's 2023 decadal survey, emphasizing space research on circular materials and bioregenerative life support. Within the framework of the E|A|S project, two distinct computer models have been developed, aiming for their eventual integration into a unified multi-model system. The inspiration for these models came in part from ESA's MELiSSA program and a visionary 1982 NASA study on a self-replicating lunar factory. Once living artificial ecosystems and self-organizing architectures are deployed, one is confronted with potential chaotic behaviour characteristic of complex systems. Sets of critical conditions that can push an otherwise stable self-sustaining system into collapse and failure were identified. It's crucial to gain a deeper understanding of how these systems function over extended periods, both under ideal environmental conditions and within the unpredictable exacting context of the interstellar medium. To address these challenges, the key drivers of systemic resilience (or lack thereof) were identified through an exploration of the characteristics of the individual components of each system. Moreover, potential mitigation strategies were also explored. These include enlarging buffer capacities, integrating redundancy, and enhancing system adaptability.

To enable sustainable long-duration human space flight, regenerative life support systems (RLSS) will be indispensable. Waste materials will need to be processed and transformed back into nutrients for life-supporting ecosystems. MELiSSA (Micro-Ecological Life Support System Alternative) is a well-documented and studied example of such an RLSS, developed by the European Space Agency. The system consists of five interconnected compartments: a crew compartment, an edible plant/algae compartment, and three types of bioreactors. The microorganisms in the bioreactors gradually break down the waste materials of the astronauts and provide the edible plants and algae with their necessary resources. This paper proposes a model of an agent-based system (ABM) of MELiSSA in which the five compartments and their interactions are modeled and implemented using virtual agents that represent humans, plant plots, and bioreactors. The model also includes the corresponding mass flows of chemicals. For each type of agent, its properties, behavior, life cycle, and rules of interaction are described. An 'administrator agent' implements 'top-down' rules for overall control where needed. The behavior of each biological agent is modeled according to the expected behavior and main chemical reactions within each MELiSSA compartment, as documented in publicly available sources. Rules implemented to describe the complete life cycle of the agents - e.g., growth curves and susceptibility to nourishment deficits - are also included. This 'bottom-up' approach, characteristic for ABM, allows for the emergence of patterns that provide insight into the behavior of the overall system. In addition, the mass flows are made visible as the different chemical compounds are exchanged between compartments. This agent-based system of MELiSSA is, in fact, a simulation platform with which the behavior of the cycle as a whole, down to its individual agents, enables exploration of the robustness of the system and the impact of stressors on survivability. A series of simulation experiments has been set up for this purpose. Two types of stressors are used in these experiments. First, stochastic outputs from at least one of the compartments, beginning with the crew compartment. Second, environmental stressors, more specifically cosmic radiation causing loss of metabolic functionality and particle impact causing catastrophic failure of parts of the life support system. This research is part of the E|A|S (Evolving Asteroid Starships) project by the DSTART team at Delft University of Technology. The project entails conceptual research on interstellar travel, including onboard regenerative ecosystems.