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S.M. Hosseinimehr
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Accurate and efficient predictions on the behavior of fluid flow and heat transport are required in the development of low-enthalpy geothermal reservoirs in fractured formations. Key challenges include the demand for high-resolution computational grids, the non-linear behavior of the system due to strong mass-heat coupling and the presence of fractures with large heterogeneity contrasts. In this work, a comparison is made between natural and molar variable formulation used to describe the coupled fluid-heat transport under non-isothermal conditions in low-enthalpy fractured porous media. The solutions and performance of the newly implemented molar formulation are compared to those of the existing natural variable formulation in the DARSim2 reservoir simulation framework. A fully implicit scheme (FIM) is applied to solve the coupled discrete system including mass and energy balance equations. Application of the Algebraic Dynamic Multilevel (ADM) method with projection-based Embedded Discrete Fracture Model (pEDFM) provides a scalable and efficient simulation framework for field-scale fractured reservoirs. The ADM method maps the fine-scale system onto a dynamically defined multilevel grid resolution system (Cusini et al., 2016, HosseiniMehr et al., 2020) based on the solution gradient and a series of restriction and prolongation operators, which ensure accurate capturing of fine-scale heterogeneities. Fractures are defined explicitly as either (highly) conductive passageways or flow barriers using the pEDFM formulation (Tene et al., 2017). Simulation results using the molar formulation are compared with an analytical solution as verification of the implementation. Results of various (un-)fractured test cases with homogeneous and heterogeneous permeability fields show that there is no clear difference between the solutions and performance of the different primary variable formulations, and the performance itself is largely dependent on the level of complexity embedded in the numerical model independent of the simulation strategy applied.
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Accurate and efficient predictions on the behavior of fluid flow and heat transport are required in the development of low-enthalpy geothermal reservoirs in fractured formations. Key challenges include the demand for high-resolution computational grids, the non-linear behavior of the system due to strong mass-heat coupling and the presence of fractures with large heterogeneity contrasts. In this work, a comparison is made between natural and molar variable formulation used to describe the coupled fluid-heat transport under non-isothermal conditions in low-enthalpy fractured porous media. The solutions and performance of the newly implemented molar formulation are compared to those of the existing natural variable formulation in the DARSim2 reservoir simulation framework. A fully implicit scheme (FIM) is applied to solve the coupled discrete system including mass and energy balance equations. Application of the Algebraic Dynamic Multilevel (ADM) method with projection-based Embedded Discrete Fracture Model (pEDFM) provides a scalable and efficient simulation framework for field-scale fractured reservoirs. The ADM method maps the fine-scale system onto a dynamically defined multilevel grid resolution system (Cusini et al., 2016, HosseiniMehr et al., 2020) based on the solution gradient and a series of restriction and prolongation operators, which ensure accurate capturing of fine-scale heterogeneities. Fractures are defined explicitly as either (highly) conductive passageways or flow barriers using the pEDFM formulation (Tene et al., 2017). Simulation results using the molar formulation are compared with an analytical solution as verification of the implementation. Results of various (un-)fractured test cases with homogeneous and heterogeneous permeability fields show that there is no clear difference between the solutions and performance of the different primary variable formulations, and the performance itself is largely dependent on the level of complexity embedded in the numerical model independent of the simulation strategy applied.
Regular Cartesian grid models provide satisfactory numeric results when a numerical scheme for reservoir flow simulation is applied. However, they cannot recreate complex geological features existing in realistic reservoir models such as faults and irregular reservoir boundaries. Corner point grids can represent these geological characteristics and can be adapted and represent any reservoir. In the subsurface reservoirs is usually typical to find fractures networks, and it is necessary to simulate the effect of them in reservoir models based on corner point grids. Although several works validate the precision of embedded Discrete Fracture Model (EDFM) for representing fractures in cartesian grids, very few studies have been presented to examine the accuracy of fracture modeling in geologically complex reservoir models. In this work, the novel discrete fracture model, the Projection-based Embedded Discrete Fracture Model (pEDFM), is implemented to represent fractures in reservoir models based on corner point grids. pEDFM provides additional features to the EDFM and is applied to explicitly and consistently define fractures. It implements independent grid sets for the fractures (described as lower-dimensional domains) and the rock matrix irrespective of the grid domains’ complex geometrical shapes. The suitability of the original pEDFM method has been expanded to a fully generic 3D geometry, and it lets on including fractures with any orientation on the corner point grid cells, an important development for the method’s viability in field-scale applications. Further to the geometrical flexibility of EDFM, matrix-matrix and fracture matrix connectivities are readapted to account for the projection of fracture plates on the interfaces. This allows for consistent modeling of fractures with generic conductivity values, from high conductive networks to impermeable flow barriers. A fully implicit scheme is used to get a discrete system with two main unknowns (i.e., pressure and phase saturation) on both matrix and fracture networks. Several 3D test cases of reservoirs models with complex corner point grids and fracture networks arbitrary designed in them are presented to demonstrate the devised method’s accuracy and applicability. The results show that the pEDFM implementation for two-phase flow is highly successful for modeling fractures with a broad range of conductivity on field-scale reservoir models.
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Regular Cartesian grid models provide satisfactory numeric results when a numerical scheme for reservoir flow simulation is applied. However, they cannot recreate complex geological features existing in realistic reservoir models such as faults and irregular reservoir boundaries. Corner point grids can represent these geological characteristics and can be adapted and represent any reservoir. In the subsurface reservoirs is usually typical to find fractures networks, and it is necessary to simulate the effect of them in reservoir models based on corner point grids. Although several works validate the precision of embedded Discrete Fracture Model (EDFM) for representing fractures in cartesian grids, very few studies have been presented to examine the accuracy of fracture modeling in geologically complex reservoir models. In this work, the novel discrete fracture model, the Projection-based Embedded Discrete Fracture Model (pEDFM), is implemented to represent fractures in reservoir models based on corner point grids. pEDFM provides additional features to the EDFM and is applied to explicitly and consistently define fractures. It implements independent grid sets for the fractures (described as lower-dimensional domains) and the rock matrix irrespective of the grid domains’ complex geometrical shapes. The suitability of the original pEDFM method has been expanded to a fully generic 3D geometry, and it lets on including fractures with any orientation on the corner point grid cells, an important development for the method’s viability in field-scale applications. Further to the geometrical flexibility of EDFM, matrix-matrix and fracture matrix connectivities are readapted to account for the projection of fracture plates on the interfaces. This allows for consistent modeling of fractures with generic conductivity values, from high conductive networks to impermeable flow barriers. A fully implicit scheme is used to get a discrete system with two main unknowns (i.e., pressure and phase saturation) on both matrix and fracture networks. Several 3D test cases of reservoirs models with complex corner point grids and fracture networks arbitrary designed in them are presented to demonstrate the devised method’s accuracy and applicability. The results show that the pEDFM implementation for two-phase flow is highly successful for modeling fractures with a broad range of conductivity on field-scale reservoir models.