Heart failure remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, highlighting the need for reliable tools to assess cardiac function. Myocardial oxygenation is one of the most direct indicators of tissue health, yet current methods lack compact, implantable solutions for continuous monitoring. This work presents an implantable optical sensor that exploits the ultraviolet-excited fluorescence of NADH as a marker of oxygenation. To overcome the limited penetration of ultraviolet light, near-infrared photons are externally delivered and converted into ultraviolet emission by lanthanide-based upconverting nanoparticles(UCNPs), enabling localized excitation without implanted power sources. A Fabry–Perot filter was incorporated to suppress blue emission that overlaps with NADH fluorescence while maintaining high ultraviolet transmittance. The filter design was optimized through multilayer simulations, and deposition conditions were tuned to improve film quality. Upconverting nanoparticles were drop-cast onto the filter surface, and material characterization confirmed the presence of significant nanoparticle coverage. An optical testing platform was further established using both a xenon-based source and a laser diode, which enabled validation of up-conversion performance and filter function. Collectively, these results demonstrate the feasibility of a compact, externally powered light emitter for implantable cardiac oxygen monitoring and establish a foundation for future development of minimally invasive biosensors.

Tissue vitality monitoring is a crucial process to preserve patients’ health during post-surgical recovery or to ensure full adaptation and healing of transplanted organs. Among the many local factors for vitality assessment, tissue oxygenation gives an insight into entire tissue recovery and is directly linked to cell metabolism. To be able to assess oxygenation at the cellular level, NADH fluorescence sensing is used due to its contribution to the cellular respiratory cycle and high sensitivity to oxygen concentration. The current devices for NADH fluorescence sensing are limited to external measurements, where they are suitable for hospital use. This raises the need for a device that is implantable and bioresorbable so that it can stay in the body after the surgery and does not require secondary surgery for removal that puts the patient at risk. The goal of this master’s thesis is to introduce the design of a bioresorbable optical filter and photodetector for the measurements of oxygen through the detection of NADH fluorescence. The design consists of an absorption layer, a Fabry-Perot filter, and a wavelength-specific photodetector; where the overall response is designed to have high sensitivity to the emission wavelength of NADH (470nm) and low sensitivity to the excitation of NADH (350nm). ZnO nanoparticles are chosen to be the absorption layer due to their high absorption properties to 350nm and biodegradability, where the optical response is then tested through spectroscopy measurements. For the Fabry-Perot filter, a design with SiO2 and SiNx layers has been created with simulation and tested with optical measurements. The complete design consists of 15 layers and has a total thickness of approximately 1μm. Lastly; for the photodetector, Spectra simulations have been conducted for the determination of the optimal design properties. The choices are then adapted to a mask design for the fabrication, in which the back side etching of the silicon wafer is required for biodegradability and optical performance. The fabrication of the photodetector has not been completed due to the time frame of the project. The measurements on the combination of ZnO and Fabry-Perot filter show that the transmission of 470nm is 2.5-4 times larger than the transmission of 350nm, which is expected to increase to at least an order of magnitude when combined with the photodetector. For future experiments, it is recommended to conduct more tests on the filters and ZnO to ensure repeatability and consistency.