A Series of Ternary Metal Chloride Superionic Conductors for High-Performance All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries
Jianwen Liang (University of Western Ontario)
Eveline van der Maas (TU Delft - RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy)
Jing Luo (University of Western Ontario)
Xiaona Li (University of Western Ontario)
Ning Chen (Canadian Ligth Source, Saskatoon)
Keegan R. Adair (University of Western Ontario)
Weihan Li (University of Western Ontario)
Junjie Li (University of Western Ontario)
Yongfeng Hu
Jue Liu (Oak Ridge National Laboratory)
Li Zhang
Wenxuan Zhao (TU Delft - RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy)
Steven Parnell (TU Delft - RID/TS/Instrumenten groep)
Swapna Ganapathy (TU Delft - RID/TS/Instrumenten groep)
Marnix Wagemaker (TU Delft - RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy)
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Abstract
Understanding the relationship between structure, ionic conductivity, and synthesis is the key to the development of superionic conductors. Here, a series of Li3-3xM1+xCl6 (−0.14 < x ≤ 0.5, M = Tb, Dy, Ho, Y, Er, Tm) solid electrolytes with orthorhombic and trigonal structures are reported. The orthorhombic phase of Li–M–Cl shows an approximately one order of magnitude increase in ionic conductivities when compared to their trigonal phase. Using the Li–Ho–Cl components as an example, their structures, phase transition, ionic conductivity, and electrochemical stability are studied. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal the facile diffusion in the z-direction in the orthorhombic structure, rationalizing the improved ionic conductivities. All-solid-state batteries of NMC811/Li2.73Ho1.09Cl6/In demonstrate excellent electrochemical performance at both 25 and −10 °C. As relevant to the vast number of isostructural halide electrolytes, the present structure control strategy guides the design of halide superionic conductors.