The architecture of Refuge
The Evolution of Alpine Mountain Huts
B. Hooijer (TU Delft - Architecture and the Built Environment)
C. Wagenaar – Mentor (TU Delft - Architecture and the Built Environment)
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Abstract
This thesis investigates the architectural and cultural evolution of mountain refuges in the Alps, tracing their development from rudimentary shelters to contemporary landmarks shaped by innovation and environmental awareness. Historically, these structures were simple enclosures built out of necessity by shepherds, traders, and early travellers. With the rise of alpinism in the 18th and 19th centuries, they evolved into more permanent refuges designed to support exploration and ensure safety at high altitudes.
The 20th and 21st centuries brought significant changes, as new materials, prefabrication techniques, and ecological considerations transformed the design and construction of alpine shelters. Contemporary examples like Refuge du Goûter and Bivouac Fanton demonstrate how modern mountain architecture balances durability, sustainability, and symbolic meaning in extreme conditions.
While existing research often separates technical, cultural, and environmental aspects, this thesis addresses the intersection of these dimensions. Through literature review, archival research, and case study analysis, this thesis answers the question: How have mountain refuges in the Alps evolved from rudimentary shelters to cultural and architectural landmarks for modern alpinists and hikers? It concludes that these shelters now serve not only as practical havens but also as cultural markers, representing human resilience, environmental awareness, and the ongoing dialogue between tradition and innovation in alpine architecture.