Key factors and delivery mechanisms for passenger-oriented multimodal air journeys

Abstract

Integrating air transport with alternative modes of transport holds great promise for substituting short-distance flights in regions like Europe, provided that the benefits of existing transport networks are preserved. Effective multimodal integration requires collaboration among transport operators and hubs to enhance the passenger experience. This study explored the perspectives of these practitioners across Europe through an interview-based case study, identifying key factors for a passenger-oriented multimodal air journey and examining the mechanisms that influence their delivery. The findings reveal five Passenger Experience Factors (PEFs) that contribute to a successful passenger-oriented multimodal air journey: 1) integration of booking systems; 2) whole journey guidance; 3) transfer time and ease; 4) baggage management; and 5) disruption management. We found that delivering these PEFs necessitates support processes within and between organizations to align, including IT, infrastructure, scheduling, operations, commercial, interorganizational, and strategic efforts. Additionally, external conditions – such as market dynamics and regulatory frameworks – play a pivotal role in either enabling or constraining these efforts. We discovered that these underlying support processes converge in delivery mechanisms that influence the provision of PEFs for multimodal air travel. The findings emphasize that while airlines often lead in shaping the multimodal experience, progress is hindered by fragmented responsibilities, misaligned incentives among operators, and market competition. It is crucial to recognize that delivering passenger-oriented multimodal journeys requires effective cross-system collaboration, and that a regulatory framework must be established to create conditions for more sustainable transportation integration.