Copper promotion of chromium-doped iron oxide water-gas shift catalysts under industrially relevant conditions
M.I. Ariëns (TU Delft - RST/Fundamental Aspects of Materials and Energy, Eindhoven University of Technology)
L.G.A. van de Water (Johnson Matthey Technology Center)
Iulian Dugulan (TU Delft - RST/Fundamental Aspects of Materials and Energy, TU Delft - RID/TS/Instrumenten groep)
EH Brück (TU Delft - RST/Fundamental Aspects of Materials and Energy)
Emiel J M Hensen (Eindhoven University of Technology)
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Abstract
Copper promotion of chromium-doped iron oxide prepared via co-precipitation for high-temperature water–gas shift (WGS) catalysis is investigated. Low-temperature Mössbauer spectra demonstrate that copper doping delays hematite (α-Fe2O3) formation in the fresh catalyst, favoring the formation of small crystallites of ferrihydrite (Fe5HO8∙4 H2O). Catalysts are treated under industrial WGS conditions at 360 °C (activity evaluation) and 450 °C (ageing) at 2 and 25 bar. Mössbauer spectra show that chromium is incorporated in octahedral sites of the active magnetite (Fe3O4) phase, resulting in a partially oxidized structure. Copper doping did not affect the bulk magnetite structure of the activated catalyst, which points to the presence of a separate copper phase. Near-ambient pressure XPS shows that copper is in the metallic state. XPS of discharged catalysts evidenced that reaction at elevated pressure resulted in the surface reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+. Copper promotion enhances CO conversion under high-temperature WGS conditions.
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