Green AI
An empirical study
T.E.R. Yarally (TU Delft - Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science)
A. van Deursen – Mentor (TU Delft - Software Technology)
Luis Cruz – Mentor (TU Delft - Software Engineering)
Michael Weinmann – Mentor (TU Delft - Computer Graphics and Visualisation)
Daniel Feitosa – Mentor (University Medical Center Groningen)
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Abstract
In this work, we look at the intersection of Sustainable Software Engineering and AI engineering known as Green AI. AI computing is rapidly becoming more expensive, calling for a change in design philosophy. We consider both training and inference of neural networks used for image vision; to reveal energy-efficient practices in an exploratory fashion.
First of all, we examine a modern algorithm for hyperparameter optimisation and compare this to two baseline methods. We find that the baseline algorithms perform considerably worse despite their wide usage and argue that they should not be used when training large models. Furthermore, we look at the layer structure of convolutional networks and conclude that the convolutional layers have the largest influence on the total consumption. We report increases of up to 95% with only marginal improvements in accuracy. Therefore we recommend developers to reduce their network architectures as long as the performance stays within a reasonable margin.
Second, we present a study focused on the inference phase of the deep learning pipeline. We look at the effect of batching for image classification requests. To facilitate the data collection, we make use of a simulated queue and the Pytorch framework. We find that batching has a significant impact on the energy consumption, but the magnitude of this impact can vary a lot for different models. Our recommendation is to treat the batch size as an inference parameter that needs to be tuned first. Additionally, we highlight how the energy consumption of image vision networks has evolved over the past decade. Presenting the findings together with the performance of these networks shows a steady, upward energy trend accompanied by a decreasing slope for the accuracy. The only exception is the model ShuffleNetV2. We mention the design principles that went into the development of this network and present it as a start for future research.