Energy Justice as a lens in Green Hydrogen Transition challenges

Abstract

As Greece pursues rapid decarbonisation and energy system transformation, green hydrogen is increasingly positioned as a cornerstone for achieving ambitious climate and energy targets. Nowhere are these dynamics more apparent than in Western Macedonia — the country’s primary lignite region — which is undergoing profound economic and social restructuring as coal is phased out. This thesis critically examines the justice dimensions of Greece’s green hydrogen transition, focusing on procedural, distributive and recognition justice in Western Macedonia. To examine the identified research objectives, this study utilised a mixed-methods approach, including qualitative content analysis of documents that provide information about the policies and legislative framework that have been adopted to support energy transition through green hydrogen. In addition, nine semi-structured interviews were conducted with stakeholders among industry experts, policy advisors, energy community members and researchers. Findings show participation remains largely symbolic, decision-making centralised, and benefits unevenly shared, with vulnerable groups bearing burdens and limited acknowledgement. Implementation faces high costs, funding gaps and regulatory shortcomings. Despite rhetoric, justice principles are weakly operationalised. The study recommends co-design with communities, support for energy communities, transparent governance and accountability, targeted reskilling, and clearer policy guidance to embed justice in practice and ensure fairer, legitimate transition pathways.