In the 1950s, Italy recovered from the trauma of the Second World War. However, in the deep South of the country, a city remained alien to this progress. Indeed, isolated for a long time, it was unable to challenge new immigration movements and ended up exceeding its saturation limit. That town was Matera, the ‘Shame of Italy’. In a country projected towards the new millennium, it was unacceptable that almost 20.000 people were living together with animals in dirty and cramped caves. Matera seemed to blame the national political class for not having taken steps to eradicate this age-old misery. The city had to be decongested, so to move part of its population and allow the caves to regain the human scale they always had. However, it did generalize: all the caves had to be cleared and the delicate countrymen life had to be transferred to a galaxy of model rural villages. In the end, few of these were made, none properly. Those same people who lived in poverty were moved to modern dormitory districts, which yet had all the comforts allowed by modern times, but which were not suitable to hosting a community shaped by consolidated urban and interpersonal relationships. Only in the 1990s, it was realized that that life, those people, could not survive outside of those same narrow caves. The human and the architectural and natural components were inseparable. They did begin to realize what should have been done long before: restoring the architectural value of the caves, which today is even beginning to attract mass tourism.

Tourism is one of the main sources of income of Jamaica. . However, at the moment the beaches are retreating. An example is the erosion of Hellshire Beach, showing a retreat of ten meters in only seven years. To preserve the beaches effectively, a new concept is requested. The main requirements of the system are wave attenuation and the marine life enhancement. The literature study showed, a variety of coastal management techniques exist. However, none of those solutions are capable of attenuating waves and enhancing marine life in an effective way. Ranking criteria are given and the following concept groups are generated: boulders, gabions, marine blocks, big (open) blocks and 'lego' (interlocking) blocks. The Multi-Criteria Analysis shows that the big (open) blocks are the most viable and two concepts are designed within this concept group: a triangular and a hexagonal block structure. In the hydrodynamic and wave models (Delft3D), a study is performed to find the relation between breakwater dimensions and wave attenuation. Also, three different conditions are modelled: daily conditions, hurricane conditions, and one-year storm conditions at the Hip-Strip in Montego Bay. Using the results from the hurricane model, the flow- and wave forces are calculated using the Morison equations for lift and drag. Three lay-outs for submerged breakwaters are tested in the model. This led to the final lay-out which is a combination of the three tested breakwaters. Following the Delft3D models, a structural analysis is done with the flow- and wave forces from the Morison equation. The structural analysis focuses on the sliding and uplift of the submerged breakwater. The hexagonal structure shows a better stability than the triangular blocks in hurricane conditions and therefore chosen as the final concept. A sensitivity analysis is performed with regard to the friction coefficient, the force-time profile and the placement errors. The placement errors turn out to be crucial and a connection between the top block and the base is needed to retain stability. The final dimensions (l x w x h) of the hexagonal blocks are 3 x 0.75 x 0.93 meter. The blocks can be made from a low strength class concrete and reinforcement is needed to provide strength during lifting. To enhance the marine life enhancement properties, fish condos of 4" and 6" are provided, the surface is made more permeable and the pH of the concrete is altered by curing. The structure shows great future potential and can be built soon. It is a state of the art structure, the stability is high, it enhances the marine life, the final dimensions will precisely agree with the drawings and there is no need for a nearby quarry. However, to all this benefits, there is also a drawback; the cost. The cost is a multiple of the conventional armour stones. Recommendations are given to bring expenses down. Placement in shallow water is preferred and replacing steel reinforcement by fibre reinforcement is worth investigating. Those recommendations will decrease the cost and will increase the viability of the Honeycomb block concept.

The city of Barranquilla can play an important role in the establishment in a multi-modal network. Currently however, issues with navigable depth in the river mouth (Bocas de Ceniza) make it difficult for the larger vessels to enter the port area. Resolving these issues will increase the navigability of the Magdalena river which in turn will help Barranquilla bloom as a port city. The aim of this research is to analyse the various sedimentation processes and to explore the possibilities for mitigation measures. In order to gain more insight into the processes which affect the sediment transport in the first 38 km of the Magdalena river a morphological model is developed using Delft3D software. However, to understand and capture the essence of the issue also the socio-political context is researched. This is done by analysing both the stakeholders and the previous unsuccessful Magdalena recovery project. The combination of both the physical and more organisational aspects formed the input to come up with multiple intervention ideas to solve navigability issues. To evaluate these interventions a multi-criteria analysis (MCA) is conducted witFh both technical and managerial criteria. Finally, also an engagement plan is constructed as a guideline to have successful stakeholder management in a future river project. From the exploration of the physical part of the issue it can be concluded that there are both natural and anthropogenic aspects which influence the river system, hence the sedimentation issue. With regard to the natural aspects, high discharge variability, stratification and wave action are selected to be further investigated with the Delft3D model. Model results show that sedimentation and erosion rates increase in the access channel above a discharge of around 5000 m3/s. For discharges below this value, the salt intrusion length increases faster than for higher discharges. This salt intrusion leads to a low flow velocity at the bottom that is directed upstream, making the reach over which salt intrudes susceptible to sedimentation. Waves mainly influence bar formation in the river mouth and are not important further upstream. The analysis of the non-physical aspects leads to a few important conclusions as well. First of all it is concluded that the stakeholder network, in which this problem exists, is a fairly complex one. Therefore stakeholder and process management are key elements in making a future river project successful. Furthermore hypotheses on the success factors of setting up a public private partnership (PPP) in Colombia are formed based on research by Koppenjan (2003), cultural differences between the Netherlands and Colombia and interviews with important stakeholders. These hypotheses are that corruption, political stability and openness for change are also important factors in setting up a successful PPP in Colombia. Possible interventions to mitigate the sedimentation issues in the first 38 km of the Magdalena river have been assessed separately for three different sections. For the first section (reaching from 0 km to 8 km), the most promising intervention resulting from the MCA is water injection dredging. This would efficiently improve the navigation conditions, capital investments are relatively low and it is also an adaptable solution. For the next section (from 8 km to 22 km), a fixed bottom layer is considered a promising intervention since it will lead to erosion of the relatively shallow inner bend and therefore increase the navigable width. As for the last section (from 22 km to 30 km) it can be concluded from the MCA that none of the assessed training works score better than the current situation.

Durban is the biggest city of the KwaZulu-Natal province located at the East coast of South-Africa. In South Africa nation wide millions of Rands of damage occur along with tens of casualties as a result of urban flooding. These floods are usually the result of heavy rainfall. In Durban other factors that may contribute to floods are blockage or siltation of the drainage system. The blockage of the rainage system is a result of bad waste management. The continuously rising sea level in combination with a blocked urban drainage system could pose a serious threat. This results in the following main goal of this project: obtain insight in the effects of combined sea storm and high rain/river events on stakeholders and existing transport systems, for regular and more severe events. The scope of the project is the area of Durban from the port up until the Umgeni Business park and from the coast until the hill ridge. This report contains four parts. Part I: Analysis, Part II: Elaboration on Modelling Approach, Part III: Acquiring Results and Part IV: Solutions. In the first part are analysed: stakeholders, the transport network, the storm water network and hydraulic and hydrological aspects. In the stakeholder analysis several stakeholders are identified that either have a significant interest, or significant power to influence any decisions that will have to be made regarding floods. From the traffic analysis the most important roads and bottlenecks were identified. The only interesting network is the road network, since other infrastructure is not used by many people. The stormwater network analysis showed that in several locations such as the Central Business District (CBD) the tide penetrates far into the network and several outfalls are completely underwater during spring tide. This shows the possible vulnerability of the network to a high water level from the sea. The analysis also showed that external factors such as blockage of the manholes by waste could also affect the functionality of the system. The hydraulic & hydrological parameters that were analysed were rainfall and river discharge from the land side and the water level from the sea side. In the second part different maps are created which together reveal the most critical areas with respect to flooding. The most critical areas with respect to stakeholders and the traffic network were identified and mapped. Also the drainage model PCSWMM, which has been used to model the urban drainage system of the study area has been described. In the third part the stakeholder and transport map are combined with a flood map resulting from PCSWMM. The flood scenarios, which are used as input for PCSWMM are based on the likeliness of the combination of occurrence of the sea and land based hydraulic parameters. By the combination of these maps, the consequences of the floods have been evaluated. Because of inaccuracies in the flood map for some regions the focus was laid upon the Central Business District. The consequences of the floods are divided in capital, social and economic costs. Several main roads could get flooded in the CBD which will require the traffic to use other main roads. The exit- and entry ramps of these other roads however are not designed for such an increase in intensity and therefore congestion will arise at these locations. This will cause severe travel time delay and will result in economic costs. With respect to stakeholders, property owners and small businesses will be most affected in some parts whereas in other parts of the area insurance companies will be most affected because of the houses of middle or upper class residents and also business who are all insured for damages caused by floods. The last part contains four proposed solution strategies which can be used as a starting point in treating floods. Floods can be seen as a risk which consists of the combination of probability and consequences. Therefore four general risk treating strategies are used: Accept, Avoid, Mitigate and Transfer. Four global solutions to deal with floods are constructed each based on these different strategy. The four strategies were evaluated using a Multi Criteria analysis. This showed that all strategies are better than the 0-hypothesis (Accept) but none of the strategies proved to be the most suitable. Finally some recommendations are given for further research and to improve the PCSWMM model.