Print Email Facebook Twitter The effects of driving with different levels of unreliable automation on self-reported workload and secondary task performance Title The effects of driving with different levels of unreliable automation on self-reported workload and secondary task performance Author de Winter, J.C.F. (TU Delft OLD Intelligent Vehicles & Cognitive Robotics) Stanton, NA (University of Southampton) Price, J.S. (University of Southampton) Mistry, H. (University of Southampton) Date 2016 Abstract Until automated cars function perfectly, drivers will have to take over control when automation fails or reaches its functional limits. Two simulator experiments (N = 24 and 27) were conducted, each testing four automation levels ranging from manual control (MC) to highly automated driving. In both experiments, participants about once every 3 min experienced an event that required intervention. Participants performed a secondary divided attention task while driving. Automation generally resulted in improved secondary task performance and reduced self-reported physical demand and effort as compared to MC. However, automated speed control was experienced as more frustrating than MC. Participants responded quickly to the events when the stimulus was salient (i.e., stop sign, crossing pedestrian, and braking lead car), but often failed to react to an automation failure when their vehicle was driving slowly. In conclusion, driving with imperfect automation can be frustrating, even though mental and physical demands are reduced. Subject workloadautomated drivingsecondary tasklevel of automationcritical eventsACCadaptive cruise controlautomated steeringhuman factors To reference this document use: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:a8a7bfb1-f3ab-413c-aef6-3e14875d0075 DOI https://doi.org/10.1504/IJVD.2016.076736 Embargo date 2016-11-25 ISSN 0143-3369 Source International Journal of Vehicle Design: the journal of vehicle engineering and components, 70 (4), 297-324 Bibliographical note Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public. Part of collection Institutional Repository Document type journal article Rights © 2016 J.C.F. de Winter, NA Stanton, J.S. Price, H. Mistry Files PDF ijvd.2016.076736.pdf 2.87 MB Close viewer /islandora/object/uuid:a8a7bfb1-f3ab-413c-aef6-3e14875d0075/datastream/OBJ/view