Metrics of green chemistry: Waste minimization

The increasingly apparent negative impact of human activities on the environment has heightened the urgency for the chemistry community to adopt greener and more sustainable practices. The E-factor can still be considered a valuable tool in this drive, particularly because of its broad acceptance and familiarity amongst both industrial and...

New frontiers in enzyme immobilisation: Robust biocatalysts for a circular bio-based economy

This tutorial review focuses on recent advances in technologies for enzyme immobilisation, enabling their cost-effective use in the bio-based economy and continuous processing in general. The application of enzymes, particularly in aqueous media, is generally on a single use, throw-away basis which is neither cost-effective nor compatible...