The Future of Nickel in a Transitioning World: Exploratory System Dynamics Modelling and Analysis of the Global Nickel Supply Chain and its Nexus with the Energy System

Acceleration of the energy transition requires increased mining of materials. An important material for the energy transition is nickel, used in the stainless steel required for all energy infrastructure and an important component for both stationary batteries and batteries used in electric vehicles. Previous research has been done on the global...

Exploration of the cobalt system: Scenarios for a critical material for the energy system

The transition to a low-carbon economy depends on several critical materials, among which is cobalt. This metal is a main component in batteries, and therefore, demand for cobalt is expected to increase in the coming years. This paper explores future scenarios for the cobalt system, in light of its role in the low-carbon transition. The future...

The uncertain future of copper: An Exploratory System Dynamics Model and Analysis of the global copper system in the next 40 years

High copper prices have not led to a place for this metal in the debate about mineral scarcity, while copper is a base metal which has many uses and is vital for developments in the energy transition. In this research the global copper system is examined from the perspective of the development of supply and demand and the effects structural and...