Emergency response in cascading scenarios triggered by natural events

Emergency response is a procedural safety barrier of paramount importance for the mitigation of fire scenarios and the prevention of escalation. However, in Natech scenarios, emergency response may be affected by the natural event impacting the site. Indeed, when contrasting Natech accidents, emergency responders have to face both the natural...

Emergency response actions modeling and time analysis: Considering priority of actions

When a major chemical accident occurs, emergency response is an important measure to reduce accident losses. Some actions in an emergency response may be more important than others in reducing accident losses, so they need to be carried out as a matter of priority. The impact of the number of emergency personnel on the relationship between...

A Petri-net approach for firefighting force allocation analysis of fire emergency response with backups

Fire is one of the main accident scenarios occurring in chemical and process plants, and it can lead to domino effects due to thermal radiation. Emergency response is necessary to prevent fire escalation, in addition to safety barriers. In major industrial fire accidents, backup is usually required in emergency response, due to the lack of...

Dynamic analysis of fire induced domino effects to optimize emergency response policies in the chemical and process industry

A fire accident is one the most dangerous accidents that may lead to knock-on effects, especially in the plants dealing with large quantities of hazardous substances. Different from other accidents, e.g., explosions, fires can last certain period of time and the thermal radiations emitted by them have a synergistic effect. At the same time, the...

An emergency response decision matrix against terrorist attacks with improvised device in chemical clusters

Chemical industrial areas may constitute potential targets for deliberate actions by terrorists. Terrorists having sufficient knowledge of chemical process operations or plant layout may take advantage of improvised explosive devices (IEDs) to cause major events such as fire, explosion and toxic gas dispersion with cross-border consequences...