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de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Dodou, D. (author), Happee, R. (author), Eisma, Y.B. (author)Vehicles are increasingly equipped with sensors that measure the state of the vehicle and surrounding road users. Although most of these sensor data currently remain local to the vehicle, the data could be shared with the aim to improve road safety. We postulate that there is a range of scenarios regarding data sharing, with two extremes: In...journal article 2019
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Cabrall, C.D.D. (author), Eriksson, Alexander (author), Dreger, F.A. (author), Happee, R. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)This work aimed to organise recommendations for keeping people engaged during human supervision of driving automation, encouraging a safe and acceptable introduction of automated driving systems. First, heuristic knowledge of human factors, ergonomics, and psychological theory was used to propose solution areas to human supervisory control...journal article 2019
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Lu, Z. (author), Zhang, B. (author), Feldhütter, A. (author), Happee, R. (author), Martens, M. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)In conditionally automated driving, drivers do not have to monitor the road, whereas in partially automated driving, drivers have to monitor the road permanently. We evaluated a dynamic allocation of monitoring tasks to human and automation by providing a monitoring request (MR) before a possible take-over request (TOR), with the aim to...journal article 2019
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de Clercq, Koen (author), Dietrich, Andre (author), Nuñez Velasco, J.P. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Happee, R. (author)Objective: In this article, we investigated the effects of external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) on pedestrians’ crossing intentions. Background: Literature suggests that the safety (i.e., not crossing when unsafe) and efficiency (i.e., crossing when safe) of pedestrians’ interactions with automated vehicles could increase if automated...journal article 2019
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Rattanagraikanakorn, B. (author), Schuurman, M.J. (author), Gransden, Derek (author), Happee, R. (author), de Wagter, C. (author), Sharpanskykh, Alexei (author), Blom, H.A.P. (author)Recent developments in the concept of UAS operations in urban areas have led to risk concerns of UAS collision with human. To better understand this risk, head and neck injuries due to UAS collisions have been investigated by different research teams using crash dummies. Because of the limitations in biofidelity of a crash dummy, head injury...conference paper 2019
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Negi, Naman Singh (author), van Leeuwen, P.M. (author), Happee, R. (author)This study is an extension of a previous work where differences between race-car drivers and normal drivers has been investigated in a high-speed driving task. The study focused on gaining knowledge about driver differences that can be helpful in designing an adaptive ADAS by introducing the driver into the control loop. The present study...conference paper 2019
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Negi, Naman Singh (author), van Leeuwen, P.M. (author), Happee, R. (author)Safety is one of the major areas of concerns today in the field of automotive development. Different safety measures have and are being introduced in order to improve driver/passenger and pedestrian safety. Advanced driver assist systems (ADAS) are therefore becoming increasingly important in their role of reducing driver crash risk. A...conference paper 2019
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Dialynas, G. (author), Happee, R. (author), Schwab, A.L. (author)With the resurgence in bicycle ridership in the last decade and the continuous increase of electric bicycles in the streets a better understanding of bicycle rider behaviour is imperative to improve bicycle safety. Unfortunately, these studies are dangerous for the rider, given that the bicycle is a laterally unstable vehicle and most of the...journal article 2019
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Rattanagraikanakorn, B. (author), Gransden, Derek I. (author), Schuurman, M.J. (author), de Wagter, C. (author), Happee, R. (author), Sharpanskykh, Alexei (author), Blom, H.A.P. (author)Understanding the impact severity of unmanned aircraft system (UAS) collisions with the human body remains a challenge and is essential to the development of safe UAS operations. Complementary to performing experiments of UAS collisions with a crash dummy, a computational impact model is needed in order to capture the large variety of UAS types...journal article 2019
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Kooijman, L. (author), Happee, R. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)In future traffic, automated vehicles may be equipped with external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) that can communicate with pedestrians. Previous research suggests that, during first encounters, pedestrians regard text-based eHMIs as clearer than light-based eHMIs. However, in much of the previous research, pedestrians were asked to imagine...journal article 2019
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Schwab, A.L. (author), Dialynas, G. (author), Happee, R. (author)The bicycle, being unstable at low speed and marginally stable at high speed, is sensitive to lateral perturbations. One of the major lateral perturbations is crosswind, which can lead to accidents and fatalities. Here we investigate the effect of crosswind on the lateral dynamics and control of the bicycle in a wide range of forward speeds and...conference paper 2018
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Nordhoff, S. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Madigan, Ruth (author), Merat, Natasha (author), van Arem, B. (author), Happee, R. (author)Automated shuttles are now in a prototyping phase in several research projects. However, there is still a paucity of knowledge on the acceptance of these shuttles. This paper presents the results of a questionnaire study among individuals (n = 384) who physically experienced an automated shuttle on an office campus in Berlin-Schöneberg. The...journal article 2018
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Dialynas, G. (author), Happee, R. (author), Schwab, A.L. (author)Since the 1800s, the design of bicycles involves a mechanical linkage between the handlebar and the fork assembly. Herein, we propose an innovation, where the traditional mechanical connection between the handlebar and fork is decoupled and replaced with sensors, servomo-tors and a microcontroller allowing artificial manipulation of the bicycle...conference paper 2018
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- Mullakkal-Babu, F.A. (author), Wang, M. (author), van Arem, B. (author), Happee, R. (author) conference paper 2018
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Cabrall, C.D.D. (author), Lu, Z. (author), Kyriakidis, M. (author), Manca, L. (author), Dijksterhuis, C. (author), Happee, R. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)A common challenge with processing naturalistic driving data is that humans may need to categorize great volumes of recorded visual information. By means of the online platform CrowdFlower, we investigated the potential of crowdsourcing to categorize driving scene features (i.e., presence of other road users, straight road segments, etc.) at...journal article 2018
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Nordhoff, S. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Kyriakidis, M. (author), van Arem, B. (author), Happee, R. (author)Shuttles that operate without an onboard driver are currently being developed and tested in various projects worldwide. However, there is a paucity of knowledge on the determinants of acceptance of driverless shuttles in large cross-national samples. In the present study, we surveyed 10,000 respondents on the acceptance of driverless vehicles...journal article 2018
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Lu, Z. (author), Shyrokau, B. (author), Boulkroune, Boulaid (author), Van Aalst, Sebastiaan (author), Happee, R. (author)Although extensive research has been conducted to design path-following algorithms for automated vehicles, the cross comparison between different path-following controllers is still weakly-analyzed. Therefore, we benchmarked five path-following algorithms to evaluate their performance according to various disturbances like gust wind, drop of...conference paper 2018
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Zimmermann, Markus (author), Schopf, David (author), Lütteken, Niklas (author), Liu, Zhengzhenni (author), Storost, Konrad (author), Baumann, Martin (author), Happee, R. (author), Bengler, Klaus J. (author)This driving-simulator study aimed to motivate cooperative lane-change maneuvers in automated freeway driving under human supervision. Two interaction concepts were designed based on game theory. These concepts supported drivers’ cooperation by applying both rewards and sanctions as the proverbial carrot and stick. The social-status...journal article 2018
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Shyrokau, B. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Stroosma, O. (author), Dijksterhuis, C. (author), Loof, Jan (author), van Paassen, M.M. (author), Happee, R. (author)Steering systems of trucks consist of many linkages, which introduce nonlinearities that may negatively affect steering performance. Nowadays, it is possible to equip steering systems with actuators that provide artificial steering characteristics. However, before new steering systems are deployed in real vehicles, evaluation in a safe and...journal article 2018
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Cabrall, C.D.D. (author), Sheridan, T.B. (author), Prevot, T (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Happee, R. (author)Human factors researchers are well familiar with Sheridan and Verplank’s (1978) ‘levels of automation’. Although this automation dimension has proved useful, the last decade has seen a vast increase of automation in different forms, especially in transportation domains. To capture these and future developments, we propose an extended automation...conference paper 2018