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Stapel, J.C.J. (author), Gentner, Alexandre (author), Happee, R. (author)To encourage appropriate use of driving automation, we need to understand and monitor driver's trust and risk perception. We examined (1) how trust and perceived risk are affected by automation, driving conditions and experience and (2) how well perceived risk can be inferred from behaviour and physiology at three levels: over traffic...journal article 2022
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Mirakhorlo, M. (author), Kluft, N. (author), Shyrokau, B. (author), Happee, R. (author)Vibration transmission is essential in the design of comfortable vehicle seats but knowledge is lacking on 3D trunk and head motion and the role of seat back and posture. We hypothesized that head motion is reduced when participants’ upper back is unsupported, as this stimulates active postural control. We developed an experimental...journal article 2022
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Grottoli, M. (author), Mulder, Max (author), Happee, R. (author)The use of driving simulators for training and for development of new vehicles is widely spread in the automotive industry. In the last decade, a few motorcycle riding simulators have been developed for similar purposes, with focus on maneuvering at high speed. This article presents the subjective and objective evaluation of a motorcycle...journal article 2022
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Nordhoff, S. (author), Louw, Tyron (author), Madigan, Ruth (author), Lee, Yee Mun (author), Innamaa, Satu (author), Lehtonen, Esko (author), Malin, Fanny (author), Bjorvatn, Afsaneh (author), Happee, R. (author), Merat, Natasha (author)The L3Pilot project tested SAE Level 3 (L3) conditionally automated driving functions addressing driving and travel behavior, impacts on safety, efficiency, environment and socio-economics, and user acceptance. To investigate individual variance in acceptance of conditionally automated cars, an online survey was performed among 18,631...journal article 2022
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Irmak, T. (author), Kotian, V. (author), Happee, R. (author), de Winkel, K.N. (author), Pool, D.M. (author)The relationship between the amplitude of motion and the accumulation of motion sickness in time is unclear. Here, we investigated this relationship at the individual and group level. Seventeen participants were exposed to four oscillatory motion stimuli, in four separate sessions, separated by at least 1 week to prevent habituation. Motion...journal article 2022
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de Winkel, K.N. (author), Irmak, T. (author), Kotian, V. (author), Pool, D.M. (author), Happee, R. (author)High levels of vehicle automation are expected to increase the risk of motion sickness, which is a major detriment to driving comfort. The exact relation between motion sickness and discomfort is a matter of debate, with recent studies suggesting a relief of discomfort at the onset of nausea. In this study, we investigate whether discomfort...journal article 2022
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He, X. (author), Stapel, J.C.J. (author), Wang, M. (author), Happee, R. (author)Perceived risk and trust are crucial for user acceptance of driving automation. In this study, we identify important predictors of perceived risk and trust in a driving simulator experiment and develop models through stepwise regression to predict event-based changes in perceived risk and trust. 25 participants were tasked to monitor SAE...journal article 2022
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Mirakhorlo, M. (author), Kluft, N. (author), Desai, R.R. (author), Cvetković, M. (author), Irmak, T. (author), Shyrokau, B. (author), Happee, R. (author)In future automated vehicles we will often engage in non-driving tasks and will not watch the road. This will affect postural stabilization and may elicit discomfort or even motion sickness in dynamic driving. Future vehicles will accommodate this with properly designed seats and interiors, whereas comfortable vehicle motion will be achieved...journal article 2022
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Stapel, J.C.J. (author), Happee, R. (author), Christoph, Michiel (author), van Nes, C.N. (author), Martens, Marieke (author)This study reports usage of supervised automation and driver attention from longitudinal naturalistic driving observations. Automation inexperienced drivers were provided with instrumented vehicles with adaptive cruise control (ACC) and lane keeping (LK) features (SAE level 2). Data was collected comparing one month of driving without support...journal article 2022
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Nordhoff, S. (author), Stapel, J.C.J. (author), He, X. (author), Gentner, Alexandre (author), Happee, R. (author)The present online study surveyed drivers of SAE Level 2 partially automated cars on automation use and attitudes towards automation. Respondents reported high levels of trust in their partially automated cars to maintain speed and distance to the car ahead (M = 4.41), and to feel safe most of the time (M = 4.22) on a scale from 1 to 5....journal article 2021
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Kim, S. (author), van Egmond, R. (author), Happee, R. (author)In automated driving, the user interface plays an essential role in guiding transitions between automated and manual driving. This literature review identified 25 studies that explicitly studied the effectiveness of user interfaces in automated driving. Our main selection criterion was how the user interface (UI) affected take-over performance...journal article 2021
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Nordhoff, S. (author), Malmsten, Victor (author), van Arem, B. (author), Liu, Peng (author), Happee, R. (author)The present study investigated the attitudes and acceptance of automated shuttles in public transport among 340 individuals physically experiencing the automated shuttle ‘Emily’ from Easymile in a mixed traffic environment on the semi-public EUREF (Europäisches Energieforum) campus in Berlin. Automated vehicle acceptance was modelled as a...journal article 2021
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de Winkel, K.N. (author), Edel, Ellen (author), Happee, R. (author), Bülthoff, Heinrich H. (author)Percepts of verticality are thought to be constructed as a weighted average of multisensory inputs, but the observed weights differ considerably between studies. In the present study, we evaluate whether this can be explained by differences in how visual, somatosensory and proprioceptive cues contribute to representations of the Head In Space ...journal article 2021
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Individual motion perception parameters and motion sickness frequency sensitivity in fore-aft motionIrmak, T. (author), de Winkel, K.N. (author), Pool, D.M. (author), Bülthoff, Heinrich H. (author), Happee, R. (author)Previous literature suggests a relationship between individual characteristics of motion perception and the peak frequency of motion sickness sensitivity. Here, we used well-established paradigms to relate motion perception and motion sickness on an individual level. We recruited 23 participants to complete a two-part experiment. In the first...journal article 2021
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Lu, Chang (author), He, X. (author), van Lint, J.W.C. (author), Tu, Huizhao (author), Happee, R. (author), Wang, M. (author)Surrogate measures of safety (SMoS) play an important role in detecting traffic conflicts and in traffic safety assessment. However, the underlying assumptions of SMoS are different and a certain SMoS may be adequate/inadequate for different applications. A comprehensive approach to evaluate the validity and applicability of SMoS is lacking...journal article 2021
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Tabone, W. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Ackermann, Claudia (author), Bärgman, Jonas (author), Baumann, Martin (author), Deb, Shuchisnigdha (author), Emmenegger, Colleen (author), Habibovic, Azra (author), Hagenzieker, Marjan (author), Hancock, P. A. (author), Happee, R. (author), Krems, Josef (author), Lee, John D. (author), Martens, Marieke (author), Merat, Natasha (author), Norman, Don (author), Sheridan, Thomas B. (author), Stanton, Neville A. (author)Automated driving research over the past decades has mostly focused on highway environments. Recent technological developments have drawn researchers and manufacturers to look ahead at introducing automated driving in cities. The current position paper examines this challenge from the viewpoint of scientific experts. Sixteen Human Factors...journal article 2021
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Mullakkal-Babu, F.A. (author), Wang, M. (author), van Arem, B. (author), Shyrokau, B. (author), Happee, R. (author)Current lane-based microscopic traffic simulators combine car-following and lane changing logic to describe the (often discrete) lateral vehicle motion on multi-lane road segments. However, the simulated lateral trajectories are physically unplausible and inside-lane behavior such as lane-keeping and curve negotiation cannot be modelled. In this...journal article 2021
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Nordhoff, S. (author), Madigan, Ruth (author), van Arem, B. (author), Merat, Natasha (author), Happee, R. (author)The study investigated the interrelationships between the UTAUT2 (Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology) constructs predicting intentions to use driverless automated shuttles. Survey data was gathered from individuals physically experiencing an automated shuttle in a mixed traffic environment on public roads in Trikala (Greece)...journal article 2020
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Mullakkal-Babu, F.A. (author), Wang, M. (author), van Arem, B. (author), Happee, R. (author)We present a simulation-based approach to assess the safety impacts of vehicles equipped with Automated Driving Systems (ADS) in mixed traffic with Human-driven Vehicles (HV). Specifically, we compare two generic longitudinal strategies of ADS to handle a cut-in: Reactive ADS acting only when the cut-in vehicle crosses the target lane boundary,...journal article 2020
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Irmak, T. (author), Pool, D.M. (author), Happee, R. (author)We investigated and modeled the temporal evolution of motion sickness in a highly dynamic sickening drive. Slalom maneuvers were performed in a passenger vehicle, resulting in lateral accelerations of 0.4 g at 0.2 Hz, to which participants were subjected as passengers for up to 30 min. Subjective motion sickness was recorded throughout the...journal article 2020