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Wang, M. (author), van Maarseveen, Sander (author), Happee, R. (author), Tool, Onno (author), van Arem, B. (author)Truck platooning attracts considerable attention thanks to the promising fuel consumption benefits and business model. Nevertheless, concerns over the influence of long truck platoons on other traffic are raised by road operators. It is intriguing to understand under what conditions truck platooning will influence other traffic and what are...journal article 2019
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de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Dodou, D. (author), Happee, R. (author), Eisma, Y.B. (author)Vehicles are increasingly equipped with sensors that measure the state of the vehicle and surrounding road users. Although most of these sensor data currently remain local to the vehicle, the data could be shared with the aim to improve road safety. We postulate that there is a range of scenarios regarding data sharing, with two extremes: In...journal article 2019
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Cabrall, C.D.D. (author), Eriksson, Alexander (author), Dreger, F.A. (author), Happee, R. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)This work aimed to organise recommendations for keeping people engaged during human supervision of driving automation, encouraging a safe and acceptable introduction of automated driving systems. First, heuristic knowledge of human factors, ergonomics, and psychological theory was used to propose solution areas to human supervisory control...journal article 2019
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Lu, Z. (author), Zhang, B. (author), Feldhütter, A. (author), Happee, R. (author), Martens, M. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)In conditionally automated driving, drivers do not have to monitor the road, whereas in partially automated driving, drivers have to monitor the road permanently. We evaluated a dynamic allocation of monitoring tasks to human and automation by providing a monitoring request (MR) before a possible take-over request (TOR), with the aim to...journal article 2019
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de Clercq, Koen (author), Dietrich, Andre (author), Nuñez Velasco, J.P. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Happee, R. (author)Objective: In this article, we investigated the effects of external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) on pedestrians’ crossing intentions. Background: Literature suggests that the safety (i.e., not crossing when unsafe) and efficiency (i.e., crossing when safe) of pedestrians’ interactions with automated vehicles could increase if automated...journal article 2019
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Rattanagraikanakorn, B. (author), Schuurman, M.J. (author), Gransden, Derek (author), Happee, R. (author), de Wagter, C. (author), Sharpanskykh, Alexei (author), Blom, H.A.P. (author)Recent developments in the concept of UAS operations in urban areas have led to risk concerns of UAS collision with human. To better understand this risk, head and neck injuries due to UAS collisions have been investigated by different research teams using crash dummies. Because of the limitations in biofidelity of a crash dummy, head injury...conference paper 2019
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SafeVRU: A research platform for the interaction of self-driving vehicles with vulnerable road usersFerranti, L. (author), Ferreira de Brito, B.F. (author), Pool, E.A.I. (author), Zheng, Y. (author), Ensing, R.M. (author), Happee, R. (author), Shyrokau, B. (author), Kooij, J.F.P. (author), Alonso-Mora, J. (author), Gavrila, D. (author)This paper presents our research platform SafeVRU for the interaction of self-driving vehicles with Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs, i.e., pedestrians and cyclists). The paper details the design (implemented with a modular structure within ROS) of the full stack of vehicle localization, environment perception, motion planning, and control, with...conference paper 2019
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Dreger, F.A. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Shyrokau, B. (author), Happee, R. (author)Merging sections are challenging for drivers of heavy goods vehicles. Visual support for merging was evaluated in a simulator. Experiment 1 tested HMIs that provided participants (n = 5) driving on the on-ramp with a top view or various forms of speed advice for accelerating behind or in front of a truck platoon on the freeway. Experiment 2...conference paper 2019
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Zhang, Bo (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Varotto, S.F. (author), Happee, R. (author), Martens, Marieke (author)An important question in automated driving research is how quickly drivers take over control of the vehicle in response to a critical event or a take-over request. Although a large number of studies have been performed, results vary strongly. In this study, we investigated mean take-over times from 129 studies with SAE level 2 automation or...journal article 2019
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Schwab, A.L. (author), Dialynas, G. (author), Happee, R. (author)The bicycle, being unstable at low speed and marginally stable at high speed, is sensitive to lateral perturbations. One of the major lateral perturbations is crosswind, which can lead to accidents and fatalities. Here we investigate the effect of crosswind on the lateral dynamics and control of the bicycle in a wide range of forward speeds and...conference paper 2018
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Nordhoff, S. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Madigan, Ruth (author), Merat, Natasha (author), van Arem, B. (author), Happee, R. (author)Automated shuttles are now in a prototyping phase in several research projects. However, there is still a paucity of knowledge on the acceptance of these shuttles. This paper presents the results of a questionnaire study among individuals (n = 384) who physically experienced an automated shuttle on an office campus in Berlin-Schöneberg. The...journal article 2018
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Dialynas, G. (author), Happee, R. (author), Schwab, A.L. (author)Since the 1800s, the design of bicycles involves a mechanical linkage between the handlebar and the fork assembly. Herein, we propose an innovation, where the traditional mechanical connection between the handlebar and fork is decoupled and replaced with sensors, servomo-tors and a microcontroller allowing artificial manipulation of the bicycle...conference paper 2018
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- Mullakkal-Babu, F.A. (author), Wang, M. (author), van Arem, B. (author), Happee, R. (author) conference paper 2018
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Cabrall, C.D.D. (author), Sheridan, T.B. (author), Prevot, T (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Happee, R. (author)Human factors researchers are well familiar with Sheridan and Verplank’s (1978) ‘levels of automation’. Although this automation dimension has proved useful, the last decade has seen a vast increase of automation in different forms, especially in transportation domains. To capture these and future developments, we propose an extended automation...conference paper 2018
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Cabrall, C.D.D. (author), Lu, Z. (author), Kyriakidis, M. (author), Manca, L. (author), Dijksterhuis, C. (author), Happee, R. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)A common challenge with processing naturalistic driving data is that humans may need to categorize great volumes of recorded visual information. By means of the online platform CrowdFlower, we investigated the potential of crowdsourcing to categorize driving scene features (i.e., presence of other road users, straight road segments, etc.) at...journal article 2018
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Nordhoff, S. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Kyriakidis, M. (author), van Arem, B. (author), Happee, R. (author)Shuttles that operate without an onboard driver are currently being developed and tested in various projects worldwide. However, there is a paucity of knowledge on the determinants of acceptance of driverless shuttles in large cross-national samples. In the present study, we surveyed 10,000 respondents on the acceptance of driverless vehicles...journal article 2018
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Lu, Z. (author), Shyrokau, B. (author), Boulkroune, Boulaid (author), Van Aalst, Sebastiaan (author), Happee, R. (author)Although extensive research has been conducted to design path-following algorithms for automated vehicles, the cross comparison between different path-following controllers is still weakly-analyzed. Therefore, we benchmarked five path-following algorithms to evaluate their performance according to various disturbances like gust wind, drop of...conference paper 2018
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Zimmermann, Markus (author), Schopf, David (author), Lütteken, Niklas (author), Liu, Zhengzhenni (author), Storost, Konrad (author), Baumann, Martin (author), Happee, R. (author), Bengler, Klaus J. (author)This driving-simulator study aimed to motivate cooperative lane-change maneuvers in automated freeway driving under human supervision. Two interaction concepts were designed based on game theory. These concepts supported drivers’ cooperation by applying both rewards and sanctions as the proverbial carrot and stick. The social-status...journal article 2018
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Shyrokau, B. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Stroosma, O. (author), Dijksterhuis, C. (author), Loof, Jan (author), van Paassen, M.M. (author), Happee, R. (author)Steering systems of trucks consist of many linkages, which introduce nonlinearities that may negatively affect steering performance. Nowadays, it is possible to equip steering systems with actuators that provide artificial steering characteristics. However, before new steering systems are deployed in real vehicles, evaluation in a safe and...journal article 2018
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Mullakkal-Babu, F.A. (author), Wang, M. (author), Farah, H. (author), van Arem, B. (author), Happee, R. (author)Safety measurement and analysis have been a challenging and well-researched topic in transportation. Conventionally, surrogate safety measures have been used as safety indicators in simulation models for safety assessment, in control formulations for driver assistance systems, and in data analysis of naturalistic driving studies. However,...conference paper 2017