The ultimate performance of the Rasnik 3-point alignment system

The Rasnik system is a 3-point optical displacement monitor with sub-nanometer precision. The CCD-Rasnik alignment system was developed in 1993 for monitoring the alignment of the muon chambers of the ATLAS Muon Spectrometer at CERN. Since then, the development has continued as new CMOS imaging pixel chips became available. In this work the...

Monte Carlo simulation of the secondary electron yield of silicon rich silicon nitride

The effect of doping in Si3N4 membranes on the secondary electron yield is investigated using Monte Carlo simulations of the electron-matter interactions. The effect of the concentration and the distribution of the doping in silicon rich silicon nitride membranes is studied by using the energy loss function as obtained from ab initio density...

Ultra-thin corrugated metamaterial film as large-area transmission dynode

Large-area transmission dynodes were fabricated by depositing an ultra-thin continuous film on a silicon wafer with a 3-dimensional pattern. After removing the silicon, a corrugated membrane with enhanced mechanical properties was formed. Mechanical metamaterials, such as this corrugated membrane, are engineered to improve its strength and...

Measurement of the transmission secondary electron yield of nanometer-thick films in a prototype Timed Photon Counter

We measure the transmission secondary electron yield of nanometer-thick Al2O3/TiN/Al2O3 films using a prototype version of a Timed Photon Counter (TiPC). We discuss the method to measure the yield extensively. The yield is then measured as a function of landing energy between 1.2 and 1.8 keV and found to be in the range of 0.1 (1.2 keV) to 0.9 ...

Ultra-thin alumina and silicon nitride MEMS fabricated membranes for the electron multiplication

In this paper we demonstrate the fabrication of large arrays of ultrathin freestanding membranes (tynodes) for application in a timed photon counter (TiPC), a novel photomultiplier for single electron detection. Low pressure chemical vapour deposited silicon nitride (Si _x N _y ) and atomic layer deposited alumina (Al<sub...

Effect of thermal annealing and chemical treatments on secondary electron emission properties of atomic layer deposited MgO

This study reports on the secondary electron emission (SEE) performance of atomic layer deposited MgO films, with thicknesses in the range from 5 to 25 nm, for the application in the Timed Photon Counter. In this novel, photodetector MgO is utilized as a material for the fabrication of ultrathin transmission dynodes (tynodes). Two different...

Secondary electron emission materials for transmission dynodes in novel photomultipliers: A review

Secondary electron emission materials are reviewed with the aim of providing guidelines for the future development of novel transmission dynodes. Materials with reflection secondary electron yield higher than three and transmission secondary electron yield higher than one are tabulated for easy reference. Generations of transmission dynodes...

Sludge residence time and membrane fouling: What is the connection?

Nowadays, waste activated sludge is more and more regarded as an energy source (through subsequent anaerobic digestion) or even as a potential source of fine chemicals (through subsequent fermentation processes). To this end, the organic content of the activated sludge should remain as high as possible implying short sludge residence times (SRT)...

De toepasbaarheid van de SUR-meting voor ultrafiltratie van rwzi-effluent

Algemene inleiding

(Net)werken

Gezondheid en waterkwaliteit, ontwikkelingen op afvalwatergebied

Afvalwater in (inter)nationaal perspectief

Polarized Neutron Reflectometry on Thin Magnetic Films, Gepolariseerde Neutronen Reflectometrie aan Dunne Magnetische Lagen

Mimicking of a strong biquadratic interlayer exchange coupling in Fe/Si multilayers

Mould filling for thin-wall metal castings

De TH tussen utopie en werkelijkheid