Cryogenic-Aware Forward Body Biasing in Bulk CMOS

Cryogenic CMOS (cryo-CMOS) circuits are often hindered by the cryogenic threshold-voltage increase. To mitigate such an increase, a forward body biasing (FBB) technique in bulk CMOS is proposed, which can operate up to the nominal supply without problematic leakage currents, thanks to the larger diode turn-on voltage at cryogenic temperatures...

A Cryo-CMOS DAC-based 40 Gb/s PAM4 Wireline Transmitter for Quantum Computing Applications

State-of-the-art quantum computers already comprise hundreds of cryogenic quantum bits (qubits), and prototypes with over 10k qubits are currently being developed. Such large-scale systems require local cryogenic electronics for qubit control and readout, leaving the digital controllers for algorithm execution and quantum error correction ...

A Benchmark of Cryo-CMOS 40-nm Embedded SRAM/DRAMs for Quantum Computing

The cryogenic electronic interface for quantum pro-cessors requires cryo-CMOS embedded memories that cover a wide range of specifications. The temperature dependence of device parameters, such as the threshold voltage, the gate/subthreshold leakage, and the variability, severely alters the memories' performance between room temperature (RT)...

Cryogenic Comparator Characterization and Modeling for a Cryo-CMOS 7b 1-GSa/s SAR ADC

This paper reports the experimental characterization and modelling of a stand-Alone StrongARM comparator at both room temperature (RT) and cryogenic temperature (4.2 K). The observed 6-dB improvement in the comparator input noise at 4.2 K is attributed to the reduction of the thermal noise and to the suppressed shot noise in the MOS...

A Wideband Low-Power Cryogenic CMOS Circulator for Quantum Applications

Quantum computers require classical electronics to ensure fault-tolerant operation. To address compactness and scalability, it was proposed to implement such electronics as integrated circuits operating at cryogenic temperatures close to those at which quantum bits (qubits) operate. Circulators are among the most common blocks used in the...

Characterization and Analysis of On-Chip Microwave Passive Components at Cryogenic Temperatures

This paper presents the characterization and modeling of microwave passive components in TSMC 40-nm bulk CMOS, including metal-oxide-metal (MoM) capacitors, transformers, and resonators, at deep cryogenic temperatures (4.2 K). To extract the parameters of the passive components, the pad parasitics were de-embedded from the test structures using...

Characterization and modeling of mismatch in Cryo-CMOS

This paper presents a device matching study of a commercial 40-nm bulk CMOS technology operated at cryogenic temperatures. Transistor pairs and linear arrays, optimized for device matching, were characterized over the temperature range from 300 K down to 4.2 K. The device parameters relevant for mismatch, i.e., the threshold voltage and the...

A Scalable Cryo-CMOS Controller for the Wideband Frequency-Multiplexed Control of Spin Qubits and Transmons

Building a large-scale quantum computer requires the co-optimization of both the quantum bits (qubits) and their control electronics. By operating the CMOS control circuits at cryogenic temperatures (cryo-CMOS), and hence in close proximity to the cryogenic solid-state qubits, a compact quantum-computing system can be achieved, thus promising...

The electronic interface for quantum processors

Quantum computers can potentially provide an unprecedented speed-up with respect to traditional computers. However, a significant increase in the number of quantum bits (qubits) and their performance is required to demonstrate such quantum supremacy. While scaling up the underlying quantum processor is extremely challenging, building the...