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Accelerated Discovery of Electrocatalysts for Electrochemical Ammonia Synthesis

Kolen, M. (author)

Ammonia synthesis via the direct nitrogen reduction reaction mechanism has the potential to be more flexible in production level and scale of operation and may enable cost reductions compared to alternative technologies for green NH3 synthesis. For the research field to advance to higher Technology Readiness Levels selective electrocatalysts...

doctoral thesis 2023

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Experience From the 2021 Floods in the Netherlands: Household Survey Results on Impacts and Responses

Endendijk, Thijs (author), Botzen, W.J. Wouter (author), de Moel, Hans (author), Aerts, Jeroen C.J.H. (author), Duijndam, Sem J. (author), Slager, Kymo (author), Kolen, B. (author), Kok, M. (author)

This study provides an overview of the impact of the 2021 Summer floods in the Netherlands and the assessment of the effectiveness of various adaptation measures, evacuation strategies, and their impact on society. The floods were characterized by record rainfall in the cross-border region of the Meuse and Rhine basins and resulted in...

journal article 2023

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Operando isotope selective ammonia quantification in nitrogen reduction studies via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Ripepi, D. (author), Zaffaroni, R. (author), Kolen, M. (author), Middelkoop, J. (author), Mulder, F.M. (author)

Rapid advances in electrocatalytic ammonia synthesis are impeded by laborious detection methods commonly used in the field and by constant risk of external contaminations, which generates misleading false positives. We developed a facile real-time GC-MS method for sensitive isotope NH3 quantification, requiring no external sample manipulations....

journal article 2022

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Characterizing CO2 Reduction Catalysts on Gas Diffusion Electrodes: Comparing Activity, Selectivity, and Stability of Transition Metal Catalysts

Burdyny, T.E. (author), Sassenburg, M. (author), de Rooij, R. (author), Nessbit, Nathan (author), Kas, R. (author), Chandrashekar, S. (author), Firet, N.J. (author), Yang, K. (author), Liu, K. (author), Blommaert, M.A. (author), Kolen, M. (author), Ripepi, D. (author), Smith, W.A. (author)

Continued advancements in the electrochemical reduction of CO 2 (CO 2RR) have emphasized that reactivity,selectivity, and stability are not explicit material properties butcombined effects of the catalyst, double-layer, reaction environ-<br/>ment, and system configuration. These realizations have steadily built upon the foundational work...

journal article 2022

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Overcoming Nitrogen Reduction to Ammonia Detection Challenges: The Case for Leapfrogging to Gas Diffusion Electrode Platforms

Kolen, M. (author), Ripepi, D. (author), Smith, W.A. (author), Burdyny, T.E. (author), Mulder, F.M. (author)

The nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) is a promising pathway toward the decarbonization of ammonia (NH3) production. However, unless practical challenges related to the detection of NH3 are removed, confidence in published data and experimental throughput will remain low for experiments in aqueous electrolyte. In this perspective, we analyze...

review 2022

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In Situ Study of Hydrogen Permeable Electrodes for Electrolytic Ammonia Synthesis Using Near Ambient Pressure XPS

Ripepi, D. (author), Izelaar, B. (author), van Noordenne, D.D. (author), Jungbacker, M.P. (author), Kolen, M. (author), Karanth, P. (author), Cruz, Daniel (author), Zeller, Patrick (author), Pérez-Dieste, Virginia (author), Villar-Garcia, Ignacio J. (author), Smith, W.A. (author), Mulder, F.M. (author)

Hydrogen permeable electrodes can be utilized for electrolytic ammonia synthesis from dinitrogen, water, and renewable electricity under ambient conditions, providing a promising route toward sustainable ammonia. The understanding of the interactions of adsorbing N and permeating H at the catalytic interface is a critical step toward the...

journal article 2022

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SARS-CoV-2 Risk Quantification Model and Validation Based on Large-Scale Dutch Test Events

Kolen, B. (author), Žnidaršič, L.Y.D. (author), Voss, Andreas (author), Donders, Simon (author), Kamphorst, Iris (author), van Rijn, Maarten (author), Bonthuis, Dimitri (author), Clocquet, Merit (author), Schram, Maarten (author), Scharloo, Rutger (author), Boersma, Tim (author), Stobernack, Tim (author), van Gelder, P.H.A.J.M. (author)

In response to the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, many governments decided in 2020 to impose lockdowns on societies. Although the package of measures that constitute such lockdowns differs between countries, it is a general rule that contact between people, especially in large groups of people, is avoided or prohibited. The main reasoning behind these...

journal article 2022

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Combinatorial Screening of Bimetallic Electrocatalysts for Nitrogen Reduction to Ammonia Using a High-Throughput Gas Diffusion Electrode Cell Design

Kolen, M. (author), Antoniadis, Grigorios (author), Schreuders, H. (author), Boshuizen, B. (author), van Noordenne, D.D. (author), Ripepi, D. (author), Smith, W.A. (author), Mulder, F.M. (author)

The electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) is a promising alternative to the current greenhouse gas emission intensive process to produce ammonia (NH₃) from nitrogen (N₂). However, finding an electrocatalyst that promotes NRR over the competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) has proven to be difficult. This...

journal article 2022

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Accelerating ¹H NMR Detection of Aqueous Ammonia

Kolen, M. (author), Smith, W.A. (author), Mulder, F.M. (author)

Direct electrolytic N2 reduction to ammonia (NH3) is a renewable alternative to the Haber-Bosch process. The activity and selectivity of electrocatalysts are evaluated by measuring the amount of NH3 in the electrolyte. Quantitative 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR) detection reduces the bench time to analyze samples of NH3 (present in the...

journal article 2021

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Hoogwater 2021: Feiten en Duiding

Rongen, G.W.F. (author), Strijker, B. (author), Pol, J.C. (author), Kok, M. (author), Kolen, B. (author), Rikkert, S.J.H. (author), Schlumberger, J. (author), van Haren, M. (author), Wüthrich, D. (author)

In juli 2021 zijn grote delen van Limburg getroffen door hevige regenval en overstromingen. Ook delen van België en Duitsland overstroomden met zeer veel schade en verlies aan mensenlevens tot gevolg. Dit betrof een extreme en ongeëvenaarde gebeurtenis met enorme impact. Daarom is naar aanleiding van de overstromingen deze verkenning uitgevoerd...

report 2021

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Introduction: Connecting Water and Heritage for the Future

Hein, C.M. (author), van Schaik, Henk (author), Six, Diederik (author), Mager, Tino (author), Kolen, Jan (author), Ertsen, M.W. (author), Nijhuis, S. (author), Verschuure, G.A (author)

Water has served and sustained societies throughout the history of humankind. People have actively shaped its course, form, and function for human settlement and the development of civilizations. Around water, they have created socioeconomic structures, policies, and cultures; a rich world of narratives, laws, and practices; and an extensive...

book chapter 2020

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De risicobenadering ook voor de voorbereiding op overstromingen

Kolen, B. (author)

Sinds het Deltaprogramma zijn risicobenadering en rampenbeheersing definitief ingebed in het waterveiligheidsbeleid. Echter, in een koppeling tussen deze twee is nog veel winst te behalen, betoogt Bas Kolen; vooral voor de systematiek van opschalen, het moment om maatregelen te nemen en manieren om maatregelen beter te kunnen uitleggen. De...

journal article 2018

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Risk-based decision-making for evacuation in case of imminent threat of flooding

Kolen, B. (author), van Gelder, P.H.A.J.M. (author)

It is important for decision-makers in emergency response situations to determine the scope, scale, timing, path and resettlement area of an evacuation decision when there is an imminent threat of flooding. In this paper, a method called the "Evacuation Diagram" is described to support risk-based evacuation planning and decision-making. In...

journal article 2018

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Brief communication: Loss of life due to Hurricane Harvey

Jonkman, Sebastiaan N. (author), Godfroy, Maartje (author), Sebastian, Antonia (author), Kolen, B. (author)

An analysis was made of the loss of life caused by Hurricane Harvey. Information was collected for 70 fatalities that occurred due to the event and were recovered within the first 2 weeks after landfall. Most fatalities occurred due to drowning (81 %), particularly in and around vehicles. Males (70 %) and people over 50 years old (56 %) were...

journal article 2018

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Hurricane Harvey Report: A fact-finding effort in the direct aftermath of Hurricane Harvey in the Greater Houston Region

Sebastian, Antonia (author), Lendering, K.T. (author), Kothuis, B.L.M. (author), Brand, A.D. (author), Jonkman, Sebastiaan N. (author), van Gelder, P.H.A.J.M. (author), Godfroij, Maartje (author), Kolen, B. (author), Comes, M. (author), Lhermitte, S.L.M. (author), Meesters, Kenny (author), van de Walle, B.A. (author), Ebrahimi Fard, A. (author), Cunningham, S. (author), Khakzad, N. (author), Nespeca, V. (author)

On August 25, 2017, Hurricane Harvey made landfall near Rockport, Texas as a Category 4 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of approximately 200 km/hour. Harvey caused severe damages in coastal Texas due to extreme winds and storm surge, but will go down in history for record-setting rainfall totals and flood-related damages. Across large...

report 2017

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Flood Delta City Index: Drivers to Support Adaptation of Cities

Verschuur, Jasper (author), Kolen, B. (author), van Veelen, P.C. (author)

To help decision makers in delta areas to select appropriate adaptation and mitigation strategies it is necessary to have a clear picture of the main drivers of risk and how risk evolves under changing conditions. Acknowledging these problems, the Delta Alliance and the TU Delft took the initiative to develop a new index that helps cities to...

report 2017

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The contribution of disaster management to integrated flood risk management strategies: lessons learned from the Netherlands

Kolen, B. (author), van Alphen, J (author)

An integrated flood risk management (IFRM) strategy consist of a comprehensive set of measures to reduce the risk: protective measures (to reduce the probability of a flood), and land use planning and disaster management (to reduce the consequences of a flood. In the Netherlands this is called a ‘multiple layer safety approach’, other countries...

abstract 2017

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Real time floodrisk management

Kolen, B. (author), Zethof, Marit (author), de Bruijn, Karin (author), Hazenoot, Evert (author)

The central issue for authorities (as well as the public) is how and when to respond to forecasted extreme water levels on rivers, lakes and along the coast and large-scale flooding is an actual risk. The decision-making process is influenced by contradicting information, overloads and gaps in information, rumours, uncertainties in forecasts,...

abstract 2017

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Decision-making in the case of a flood-threat

Veerhuis, Lex (author), Kolen, B. (author), Kok, M. (author), Riedstra, D. (author)

Design-criteria for flood-defences have a legal character in the Netherlands. Formerly, these flood protection standards were based on design-waterlevels, where a flood defence was implicitly supposed not to fail below this waterlevel. Since knowledge regarding dike-failure improved, a new risk approach has been developed based on a social cost...

abstract 2017

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Loss of life estimation-Review, developments and challenges

Jonkman, Sebastiaan N. (author), Maaskant, B. (author), Kolen, B. (author), Needham, J. T Jason (author)

This paper presents an overview and review of methods developed for loss of life estimation in flood risk assessment. These methods range from empirical to simulation based approaches that are used to support flood risk analyses and emergency management. Similarities and differences between the modelling approaches, input and output types and...

conference paper 2016