Contemporary social housing development in the Netherlands often prioritises standardisation over progressive and imaginative design, resulting in an undesirable dullness of the urban environment. However, there are also advantages to standardisation in the built environment, like reduced design costs, quicker construction times, higher technical quality, and potential for circularity/sustainability. In short, there is an unwanted lack of architectural diversity and individual living style and freedom, caused by a strong focus on standardisation and its benefits. To change this current state, other forms of social housing complexes have to be explored. Buildings that support diverse living conditions for diverse inhabitants, that favour equitable housing over equal housing, with architectural emphasis on the unicity of its users. Housing that invites people to explore their style of living, that evokes a feeling of freedom of style.

The foundation of this research lies in the social experience of living together and how architecture can contribute to a more profound sense of belonging. What began as a curiosity about the social potential of shared space evolved into a broader exploration of how people form relationships, with one another, and with their environments. Rather than focusing on housing as a purely functional solution, the project considers how feelings of ownership, recognition, and comfort emerge through design. These aspects are explored across multiple scales: from the city and building to the corridor, doorstep, and living room. The project examines how collective and transitional spaces can become active zones of community-building when spatially and socially considered. Through design strategies such as clustering, varied access, and interaction zones, the architecture fosters a resilient framework where people not only live but also connect, engage, and belong. Ultimately, this research highlights how architecture can support resilient, inclusive communities through spatial design that responds to both personal and collective social dynamics.

We need a new way of designing when it comes to large-scale residential buildings. A way that reflects a high-density urban environment; complex, dynamic, vibrant, and lively. We must design for urban flow.

Current densification efforts often produce closed-off structures, disconnecting inhabitants from the urban flow of the city they live in. Large glass plinths, empty barren public space, and entrances that are meant to facilitate many homes, but are hidden away, create a streetscape that is illegible for people and doesn’t function well on a human scale.

In large-scale urban housing, the link between the city and the home is the residential building itself. The building must function as a transition zone between public space and the private domain of the home, facilitating a continuation of space, scale and movement from city to dwelling and vice versa.

The idea of home, while uniquely personal and familiar to each person, is somewhat elusive. Despite its intangibility, it captivated my interest. Returning from living abroad, I was figuring out what home means to me, and this made me think about how this feeling of home is reflected in current housing design. My interest in the concept of home deepened, partly due to my research on home ownership in Amsterdam during the first weeks of this graduation studio. As I discovered, ownership can manifest in different things, such as owning property or as a feeling known as mental ownership. It is a tricky concept: how do you turn that intangible feeling of home into something one can grasp and understand? At which scale does the feeling of home operate? Is it primarily at the individual dwelling or building levels, or does it extend to the broader city?

With the growing population, high rates of migration together with de high demand for housing, densifying the existing built environment is inevitable. For this, countries are looking primarily to post-war neighborhoods because of their spatial layout and low density. However, the densification of these neighborhoods threatens the loss of potentially valued heritage and in addition, densification can diminish livability. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to answer the following question: How can a post-war neighborhood be densified while improving its livability and preserving its heritage values? As the case study of this thesis, the Louis Couperus neighborhood was chosen in the Western Garden Cities of Amsterdam New West.

On the basis of literature research and comparisons along with observations, different methods of densification are discussed and a framework has been established that can be used for measuring livability. In choosing the most appropriate method for densifying post-war neighborhoods, present heritage values are leading. These values may also play a part in improving the livability of neighborhoods. Based on these three interconnected topics, a design strategy is formulated in this thesis. This design strategy was subsequently applied to an open courtyard parcellation consisting of duplex typology dwellings within the chosen case study.

Densifying post-war neighborhoods contributes to the current housing crisis and reduces potential heritage demolition. Less demolition, in turn, contributes to a circular economy and deals with existing buildings in a sustainable and resourceful way. Improving the livability of neighborhoods ensures the long-term wellbeing of individuals and communities. This in turn leads to more attractive and suitable areas for communities to live in.

Every building is designed differently, therefore there is no set way of how building transformations can be carried out. The current state must be figured out for each building, and therefore the exploration and design phase of transformation projects takes a long time. For this reason, buildings are often demolished rather than being transformed. However, many of these buildings are important because of the value of essential history, shared ideas, and the physical environment. In addition, many buildings are vacant while there is a shortage of space for housing. By accelerating the design process, more buildings can be transformed instead of demolished. This will ensure that more housing can be created through the sustainable method of transformation.
The purpose of this research is to establish design strategies that can entertain and accelerate the design process of building transformations. For this purpose, the following research question was formulated: What design strategies can be used during the design process to preserve a building when it is split into smaller segments, and to what extent do these design strategies help in designing a building to be transformed?
To answer the research question, three case studies of transformation projects were analyzed and a comparison method was conducted. From these comparisons, five design strategies were extracted that help in the design process of a building to be transformed. The five design strategies are: 1) The space plan of the building should be kept the same in the main design as much as possible. In addition, a distinctive part of the building should remain unchanged. 2) More services will need to be added with a change of function, here some of the general service areas should be kept. 3) The facade should be kept as much as possible and only subtractions in the roof should be made where people gather. 4) The structure should remain visible where it was already visible, and in doing so the structure should be kept where it is still adequate. 5) The site can be added, removed, or remain the same. This should consider the possibilities of the surroundings and the new function of the building.
The five design strategies were tested on an assessment building. It followed that each of the strategies can be applied to the building and it facilitates and accelerates the design process of the transformation. In addition, the design choices made by the strategies are well-supported. Thus, using the strategies will benefit the design process of transformation projects.

The Stockholm City Library project involves refurbishing and extending the building, incorporating nearby Annex buildings, Observatory Hill and the city itself. Inspired by Gunnar Asplund’s design principles—spatial harmony, material quality, and poetic expression—the project honors the library’s role as a cultural landmark and storytelling space that resonates across cultures. Drawing on Sweden’s values of political neutrality, hospitality, and cultural inclusivity, it aims to create spaces that welcome minority communities, immigrants, and diverse narratives.

The intervention is organised into four key components: the enhancement and extension of a bazaar area, including the creation of two new courtyard gardens; the refurbishment of the existing library with new, light-filled covered spaces; new functions to the Annex building, connected to the library via an underground passage; and the addition of a dedicated storytelling room with a cloister, creating a unified space that bridges both buildings with an outdoor garden. The design reflects the evolving role of modern libraries as community hubs where people feel a sense of belonging and connection, addressing social isolation by fostering communal interactions. Drawing inspiration from traditional living rooms—where art and decor often narrate cultural stories—the project establishes a platform for storytelling and knowledge exchange.

Ultimately, this project seeks to restore the library’s historic character while introducing new architectural elements that harmonise the Library, Annexes, Hill, and the surrounding cityscape, enhancing infrastructure and creating welcoming spaces that celebrate community narratives.

The project “Other Traditions” explores diverse knowledge systems, emphasizing oral traditions and ecological knowledge exchanges. Set in Stockholm, Sweden, the project focuses on the Stockholm City Library, a significant architectural landmark, and its surrounding areas, including Observatory Hill. The initiative addresses three key issues: optimizing library spaces for informal meetings, creating inclusive spaces for minority groups, particularly refugees, and enhancing biodiversity.
The project proposes connecting the library with a nearby annex using small workrooms, creating an urban forest as a living laboratory, and incorporating culturally resonant spaces like the Qa’a for storytelling and language learning. The urban forest expansion aligns with Stockholm’s environmental goals, enhancing air quality and providing leisure space. The design integrates with the local landscape, ensuring accessibility and monumentality, while also respecting the historical significance of the site.

The protagonist of this year’s graduation studio is the Stockholm City Library. It was deesigned by famous Scandinavian architect Erik Gunnar Asplund (1885-1940) and opened in the spring of 1928. It is a modernist building located in Vasastaden, a very diverse neighbourhood on the Northern Island of Sweden’s capital Stockholm.

The graduation studio, organised by the group Interiors Buildings Cities, started on the premise of two failed competitions that were written out for the Stockholm City library. The project aims to reintegrate the Library into the urban fabric and the city life of Stockholm. It does this by bringing the Bazaar into the building, creating a public, inviting route on the level of Svaevägen Street, and connecting this central city axis to a lowered square that finishes the route throughout the building. While following this public route, the visitor can go up to more focused areas within the library and discover its beautifully kept reading room and Rotunda centrepiece.

The aim is to create a library that not only allows for the individual consumption of knowledge but also facilitates the exchange of knowledge between the inhabitants and visitors of Stockholm.

As a complex public institution that accommodates life and architecture at different scales, the Stockholm Public Library was the focal point for the studio this year. Around the turn of the century, libraries were confronted with increased digitalisation, privatisation of public space and questions about their role in society. The institution has gradually transformed - from a place dedicated to lending books to a complex public space that promotes inclusivity and diversity.

The starting point of the studio is the architectural competition launched in 2006, which sought the expansion of the Library and the possibility of a renewed urban strategy. The challenge then became addressing the identity of the monumental building and the integration of a wide range of programmes, as well as discussing and embracing issues of equality and multiculturalism.

The graduation project aims to extend Asplundhuset, by enhancing existing qualities and connecting the detached, the library and its closest annex. To facilitate a connection between the buildings, a delicate intervention is added, a screen that is able to negotiate the differences between the two buildings, as well as act as a filter between the street and Observatory Hill.

Internally, the intervention aims to relieve unbalanced spaces that are housing several functions that are colliding with each other, allowing for continuity and accessibility. Embracing the challenging aspects of all the different activities that can take place in the library, the proposal is looking at carefully introducing a generous range of social spaces as well as individual ones, contributing to the overall complexity of the institution - a complexity that can rarely be found in the more dispersed and fragmented spaces in the city. Overall, the addition would be valuable in establishing a compelling and logical portrayal of the Public Library as a uniquely inclusive space.

Stockholm Public Library, as a library from the 1920s, pioneered the use of architectural elements such as the Rotunda and open bookshelves, which softened the oppressive nature of traditional library architecture at that time. It embraced a humanistic approach, fostering a sense of active participation and community vitality among its visitors. However, after a century, the original library's space and knowledge dissemination methods are no longer sufficient to meet the diverse needs of society. This project, based on a failed competition held in 2006 for the expansion and renovation of the library and the advisory brief proposed in 2014 based on the 2006 competition, explores the new social functional positioning and service direction of the library in the face of a multicultural audience and is rooted in the unique political and cultural context of Stockholm. Considering the real conditions of the site and the developmental needs, the project aims to construct a new library to make a supplement of the existing library. It will encompass diverse functional spaces such as an Immersive E-media room, a multilingual reading room, and an urban activity lounge to cater to a variety of audiences. The design also involves the transformation and activation of the overground plaza and underground spaces, facilitating communication and connection between the new and old libraries. The goal is to create an interactive entity that radiates into the urban space.

The Observatory Hill forms a cohesive ensemble with the City Library and its three Annex volumes. The new extension aims to unify the ensemble formed by the Stockholm City Library, the Annexes, and the Stockholm School of Economics into a collective campus. This integration strengthens the educational significance of the site and enhances the monumentality of the library within its urban context.

The project acknowledges the Library’s existing structure and its recent additions, introducing a contemporary layer that complements the original design. By reinforcing the established architectural elements, the extension bridges the site’s constraints through the introduction of a continuous roof assembly, a decentralised reading hall and a methodical colonnade, creating a harmonious link between the different volumes.

These features are designed to expand the library's current offerings, creating a more dynamic and versatile environment. The sectional organization of the space introduces a linear pathway that extends from the Rotunda of the existing library into the mezzanine of the new addition, effectively bridging the library’s existing functions with the newly integrated spaces.

This report researches the adaptive reuse of Christian religious heritage to improve resident satisfaction in Amsterdam New West. As the adherents of Christian denominations are decreasing in Western nations, the contemporary use of Christian religious heritage is becoming one of the greatest challenges of sustainable development. The resident satisfaction is determined every two years in neighborhoods in Amsterdam and Amsterdam New West has annually the lowest resident satisfaction. This study employs a qualitative interview method, using the Ballarat Imagine method, where local residents are asked to envision their surroundings from a positive perspective. The participants' referenced attributes are classification in the qualitative Value Framework by Pereira Roders. The conducted interviews and analysis led to the following conclusion. When establishing a strategy for adaptive reuse of Christian religious heritage in Geuzenveld-Slotermeer and Osdorp, the following attributes should be retained and enhanced: the greenery, the multiculturality, the peace, the interaction with others. In the same strategy attention should be given to the attributes that residents need, such as safety, generational harmony and diversity in shops and facilities.

For centuries, libraries were physical representations of human knowledge and power held by privileged classes. Over time, they evolved into substantial social and urban infrastructures. From purely knowledge-acquisition institutions, they transformed into inclusive spaces, facing the issues of equality and multiculturalism.
The Stockholm Library, built in 1928 by the Swedish architect Gunnar Asplund was pioneering at that time and among the first, to open its stacks to the public. However, as a near century passed, the library needed to face the ever-changing nature of society and culture. Since 2006, proposals have been made to adjust the library for contemporary challenges, yet none of them have been realised due to the concerns raised by the public and their emotional attachment to the library.
The proposed extension aims to restore the intended characteristics of the educational area around Observatory Hill in Stockholm, including the typology of the modern library and its heritage. In the current situation, the Stockholm Library on its own does not fulfil the typology of a modern library. Currently, it serves as a calm temple of focus, however, it lacks facilities for diverse activities through which people can learn and appears disconnected from the hillside context.
The extension seeks to foster community and provide room for interactions as well as exploration, crucial for a culturally diverse city like Stockholm. Migrants and minorities are often marginalised and are provided with little to no integration opportunities.
On the other hand, with respect to the locals who deeply value the culture and heritage of Stockholm, the objective was to faithfully realize the architect’s concepts while respecting its historical context.
The ‘Spaces in Between’ concept proposes vast public space for new learning activities, without compromising the character of existing establishments. Moreover, it is a physical manifestation of the connection between the library and the observatory hill which together create an educational haven.