In many graduation projects in Spatial Planning and Strategy (SP&S), empirical research and spatial design are intertwined. This chapter introduces regression analysis; a ’family’ of related models of quantitative statistical analysis in empirical research. It is very appropriate to study interactions between the built urban environment and people’s spatial behaviour in a project location at a high level of quantitative precision. The outcomes of such quantitative studies can be very useful in urban design or planning, either in preliminary empirical research, i.e. prior to design, or in the iterative cycles of Research by Design. There are several types of regression models; which one is most appropriate for your project (if any) depends on the specific questions about that interaction you want to answer, and on the empirical data that is available for that answer.

The complex institutional, economic, and societal trends that have characterized the post-socialist transition in Central and Eastern European countries have drastically reshaped urban development. The case of Budapest shows that three decades of nearly exclusive market-driven urban policies have resulted in a variety of social, spatial and environmental deficiencies. This paper presents the paradigm of creativity-driven urban regeneration and proposes an approach to implement this paradigm, with a key role for urban design interventions, to successfully address these challenges, specifically, the regeneration of industrial brownfields, in an integrated manner and to create more inclusive, just, and sustainable cities.

In veel Midden- en Oost-Europese steden liggen direct rond het centrum brownfields: restanten van industriële complexen uit de socialistische tijd met verwaarloosde gebouwen en ernstige bodemvervuiling. Beleid om ze te saneren en de gebouwen te hergebruiken ontbreekt veelal. In het Csepel-complex in Boedapest groeit een creatief cluster dat kansen biedt voor bottom-up herontwikkeling.

‘Terwijl de stad op het corona-slot ging, was Delfshavenhelpt.nl binnen enkele dagen in de lucht, waren er 150 vrijwilligers actief, werden er buurtmaaltijden gekookt, laptops voor kinderen geregeld en buurtmaatjes gelinkt aan bewoners die het moeilijk hadden’, berichtte het NRC Handelsblad van 27 juni. Juist achterstandswijken blijken heel veerkrachtig dankzij maatschappelijke initiatieven van onderop. We zoomen in op het succes van twee van zulke initiatieven in Amsterdam en Rotterdam.

It is widely acknowledged that quality of place plays a key role in the emergence and performance of creative clusters. Nevertheless, it is still an embryonic area of investigation in urban design. This chapter presents a comprehensive model to analyse the role of quality of place in clusters of cultural and creative industries. It is based on four so-called meanings of space: material, symbolic, social and economic. Including both tangible and intangible, or hard and soft factors, these meanings together assess how quality of place is related to the development potential of these clusters. The model, then, can be helpful to urban designers to improve qualities of place with the aim to contribute to the performance of creative clusters.

Business incubators are considered important contributors to innovation, as they foster and support entrepreneurship. Incubators, nurturing creative start-ups, may also function as ancillary activities in spatially concentrated creative clusters. Furthermore, an incubator itself may even function as, or be the centre of a cluster. Such incubators may actively encourage start-up entrepreneurs to cooperate, thus creating a cluster-like project ecology. This chapter provides researchers and policymakers with a framework of the potential roles of incubators in the development of creative clusters. These can be found mainly in four areas. First, incubators may provide hard infrastructure or enable the use of hard infrastructure such as old, derelict buildings, hence avoiding waste of useful spaces. Second, incubators may act as mediator between incubatees and the primary and secondary activities in the cluster. Third, incubators can contribute to a soft infrastructure containing factors such as liveliness, image, buzz and social networks, which may increase the performance of creative clusters. Finally, incubators contribute to the agglomeration economies that are considered crucial for geographical concentration, by constituting a more diverse labour pool and by fostering cooperation and coordination of activities and other spillovers between firms.

This report (Deliverable D2.7) refers to URBANWASTE Work Package 2, Task 2.8. Under this Task the current waste prevention and management practices in the URBANWASTE pilot cases are investigated and best practices coming from the EU context (focussing on touristic processes) are identified. This document shall support the selection of innovative strategies to be carried out within Work Package WP 4. A comparative policy review of national waste management strategies and targets in the European Union (EU) showed that there is no separate field of policies and instruments for waste generated by tourism neither on European level nor on the national level of EU member states.

The identified waste prevention and management strategies already existing in the URBANWASTE pilot cities as well as international best practice examples can be allocated to well‐known policy instruments mainly based on information and awareness building as well as provision of infrastructure (e.g. bins for separate collection of food waste). But also regulatory instruments (e.g. ban of plastic bags), economic instruments and voluntary agreements (e.g. use of returnable containers) could be identified.

Both, existing waste management and prevention practices in pilot cities as well as international best practices focus on nutrition of tourists. Most measures deal with food waste prevention as well as food waste management. The low‐waste organisation of events and the promotion of re‐use activities were also identified to be promising topics to reduce tourist waste generation. The promotion of resource consciousness in procurement amongst tourist accommodation establishments as well as food and beverage providers for tourists is another positive example identified.

Most identified international best practice examples connected to tourist waste management refer to eco labelling and connected guidelines. The hotel industry can considerably reduce their waste generation by implementing and following a waste management system. One interesting knowledge gained from international best practice examples is the recommendation to elaborate an extended inventory of waste types and sources as first step for waste prevention measures.

Clusters of cultural and creative industries are rather widespread in and surrounding inner cities. The development and dynamics of these clusters are objects of study of various conceptual approaches: some aim at their role and significance for urban development, others at their development and dynamics as such. These latter approaches focus primarily on producers or consumers of cultural or creative goods. By contrast, this paper explores the role of a particular type of secondary or ancillary activity - the business incubator - in the development of these clusters. The paper is explorative and draws no explicit conclusions. Nevertheless, the incubator appears to be an ancillary activity that contributes in various manners to sustainable cluster development, i.e. not only by their output of young, trained entrepreneurs in possession of up-to-date knowledge and skills, but also by means of, for instance, their buildings and social networks.

This report (Deliverable D2.5) refers to URBANWASTE Work Package 2, Task 2.6. Within this deliverable the present situation of waste management in the selected pilot cases ("the baseline") is described. Main goal of the task is the quantification of the status quo with respect to tourist waste production and to the total urban production of waste in the pilot cities before the implementation of the URBANWASTE strategies (developed in WP 4). The actual waste generation and treatment of each pilot case also considering spatial data is described and an assessment of environmental, social and economic impacts is performed.

Further, the results of this work package serve as a basis for further decision- making. The output of this status quo assessment shall assist the decision-making process within WP 4 to set specific targets for each pilot case. It shall support the development of strategies in waste prevention and management policies within WP 4. Selected waste prevention and management measures will be implemented in each pilot case within WP6 and they will be subsequently assessed within WP 7 aiming at displaying improvements (reduced impacts by implementing innovative waste management strategies in touristic processes).

The database of the selected pilot cases (Copenhagen, Dubrovnik, Florence, Kavala, Lisbon, Nice, Nicosia, Ponta Delgada, Syracuse, Tenerife) generated within Task 2.5 is critically reviewed, inconsistencies are clarified and missing data are included. The database is assessed by a benchmarking process with three cities (Berlin, Vienna, Zurich) providing reliable waste management data and showing best‐practice examples in waste prevention and management. This comparison allowed a plausibility check of the background data and indicator sets.

Based on the results of the analysis of the database, differences and similarities regarding the material, waste and energy flows, touristic processes and background conditions of the selected pilot cities are described.

The last aspect in this report is the general evaluation of touristic impact on waste generation. The evaluation of the environmental impacts of waste management practise in selected pilot cities is carried out by using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). This gives the possibility to figure out on the one hand hotspots of environmental impacts and on the other hand, to identify the most promising waste prevention and recycling measures in terms of environmental impacts resulting from tourist waste.

D3.2 aims at analysing the existing literature on tourism and waste behaviour of tourists. Based on this literature review and with the aim of filling the knowledge gap about waste behaviour of tourists, URBANWASTE has developed and circulated 3 surveys for 3 different categories: waste workers, tourismworkers and tourists. The surveys have been circulated among the 11 pilots of the project and the results of this survey has been analysed within this Deliverable.

Now that it becomes obvious that disregarding the seriousness of climate change and the exhaustibility of fossil fuels would have severe and unpredictable impacts, improvement of the efficiency of urban energy consumption is of utmost importance. Hence, a rather diverse spectrum of policies to encourage this improvement has been put into practice. This paper focuses on the interrelations between interventions in urban form and improvements in energy efficiency of industries. These interventions, particularly spatial planning and urban design, are rare compared to other types of policies, in spite of their potentialities. This observation is illustrated by the case studies of two medium-size cities. Moreover, insofar as spatial planning aims to improve industrial energy efficiency, its implementation is limited to traditional and large-scale heavy industries at peripheral urban locations. Regarding new service and creative industries that tend to cluster in central city locations, both empirical evidence and policy practices are still missing.

Chapter 3.24

Chapter 3.15

Section 3.2

Amsterdam and Rotterdam have followed rather different trajectories after 1970 when deindustrialisation set in. Amsterdam benefited strongly from the growth in financial services, creative and cultural industries (CCIs) and tourism after 1990. Moreover, it has been quite successful in attracting highly skilled workers. Rotterdam, meanwhile, has fared less well. This has also become apparent after 2008, when employment growth in Amsterdam bounced back while that in Rotterdam stagnated. The Amsterdam economy, in other words, appears to be more resilient than that of Rotterdam. Resilience is a complex concept and many potential explanations are on offer. In this paper, we focus on the role of the sectoral composition in explaining the divergent growth paths of Amsterdam and Rotterdam using a shift-share analysis of employment data over the period 2000-2014 as a strategic window. This is a first explorative step to a more comprehensive understanding of these cities’ growth paths.

This ‘Toolkit’ presents the outcomes of the North Sea Region INTERREG IVB project Creative City Challenge (CCC). Its main target group are local and regional policy-makers. It therefore aims: 1) to identity levers that policy-makers can pull in order to stimulate creative city development or the creative economy in a focused (rather than generic) way; 2) to indicate constraints and points of attention policy-makers should take into account. The Toolkit presents, in a structured way, a number of practical ‘tools’ for policy-makers. These tools are inferred, in a bottom-up way, from pilot projects that are being carried out by partners in the CCC project, and have been based on the principle of transferability to other cities or regions. Many of these projects could be either started or take a big step forward by the CCC project. The toolkit also includes some ‘manuals’ about the use of these tools, to emphasize the nuances and complexities involved in creative city development.