Residential environments are central to addressing urban heat stress for vulnerable populations and are prime target areas for implementing climate adaptation strategies. The reliance on urban heat island (UHI) intensity mapping alone has been argued to provide limited guidance for adaptation efforts, whereas linking heat patterns to the built environment characteristics through frameworks such as Local Climate Zones (LCZ) provides actionable insights for developing neighborhood cooling strategies. However, the widely used LCZ maps have a few limitations, such as misrepresenting variation within types because they cannot account for sub-classes beyond the standardized framework. This paper presents an unsupervised clustering approach to identify residential typo-morphologies across 99 Dutch cities, enhancing their relevance for urban heat vulnerability assessments. The analysis reveals that five morphological and canopy parameters (FSI, GSI, OSR, Havg, and FVC) selected from 17 parameters are sufficient to identify nine distinct residential typo-morphologies relatable to LCZs within 100 m × 100 m grid cells. The evaluations demonstrate that our approach detects underrepresented LCZ types and reveals new sub-classes absent from standard LCZ classifications. Key findings include detection of high-density areas (LCZ 42) reflecting recent urban densification with one of the highest UHImax next to LCZ 2 (4.2–4.9 K), and vegetation-differentiated variants within sparse and low-rise categories LCZ 9D and LCZ 6D, distinguished by distinctive UHImax (0.5–0.7 K) higher compared to their reference base types. Notably, tree coverage remains low across low-rise and compact typo-morphologies, revealing substantial opportunities for greening interventions. This data-driven refinement preserves LCZ's global comparability while considering local specificity, providing improved frameworks to inform targeted climate adaptation strategies in residential environments. ... Read more

This paper investigates the sensitivity of neighbourhood effect estimates to the operationalization of contextual poverty. It introduces the Problem of Uncertain Contextual Characteristic (PUCC), which refers to uncertainty surrounding what is measured and represented when constructing contextual variables, potentially resulting in estimation bias. Using longitudinal micro-data from Dutch population registers (2011–2020), we assess four key parameters when operationalizing poverty: poverty dimensions, reference groups, poverty-line thresholds, and aggregation statistics. We undertake a systematic analysis modelling the effect of each poverty indicator while keeping all other factors constant. We also generate models including different residential context scales and geographies to compare the effects of PUCC with other sources of estimation variation. Results show that the operationalization of contextual poverty substantially influences the estimated neighbourhood effects on individual income. In our analyses, the operationalization of contextual poverty introduced greater variation than the residential context’s scale or the geographical extent of the study. Findings further suggest that PUCC and the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP) are closely related, as the impact of contextual poverty measures varies significantly across spatial scales. ... Read more

Cross-scale, multidisciplinary design projects such as station area redevelopment are inherently complex, with many stakeholders and vast amounts of data relevant to decision-making. In the Netherlands, these projects face a dual challenge: meeting housing demands while reducing the embodied carbon emissions associated with construction. Early integration of carbon data is essential, yet the abundance and heterogeneity of supporting datasets required for Life-Cycle Assessment beyond the building scale can hinder progress. This paper presents a collaborative workshop method that enables a data-supported design process for informed decision-making. Sessions with station architects, urban designers, railway operators, and carbon specialists co-create a curated data inventory for low-carbon station design. Using analogue data-cards in a constrained deck turns digital data opulence into a structured, tangible, face-to-face procedure based on a shared language, making tacit choices explicit and traceable. Findings underscore the architect’s new digital-era role as a knowledge integrator. ... Read more

Social media platforms increasingly shape how urban places gain visibility and attention in the digital age. In this article, we examine patterns of “place visibility” on TikTok in Amsterdam. We propose and operationalise a TikTok Place Visibility Score, defined as a composite indicator based on user engagement metrics, to measure the relative visibility of places on the platform. We then explore how TikTok mediates and redistributes visibility within existing urban hierarchies. Drawing on 3,767 TikTok posts associated with #amsterdam and hotspot‐related keywords, we apply geo‐parsing, spatial mapping, visualisation, and network analysis to analyse how visibility is distributed across the city. Our results show that several neighbourhoods just outside the historic urban core—rather than only central locations—exhibit high digital visibility on TikTok. These areas function as digitally prominent activity spaces despite their non‐central position in the urban hierarchy, while central neighbourhoods maintain a strong online presence. The findings suggest that social media algorithms and user interactions affect digital visibility and may reconfigure how attention is redistributed across urban space. We argue that digital visibility patterns shape how places are circulated and prioritised in the digital public sphere, with implications for how people use and engage with urban space. More broadly, the article highlights the importance of attending to platform mechanisms and visibility dynamics when studying urban space in the digital transition era. ... Read more

In the urgent context of climate change, embodied carbon data has become critical to the decarbonization of the built environment. This research examines the integration of embodied carbon assessment into urban design practice, with a focus on early-stage design. Based on a 3-month practice-based case study in a Dutch architecture office, the study identifies persistent challenges in applying Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) at the urban scale, including the definition of system boundaries, reconciliation of heterogeneous levels of detail, and communication of data omissions. The findings reveal abductive reasoning, visualization, and tacit knowledge enable designers to transform fluid design artefacts into workable protocols—what is here defined as designerly ways of decarbonizing. The study redefines early-stage design as an operational category for carbon assessment and demonstrates the codification of tacit knowledge in data-enabled tools, advancing understanding of design processes in the low-carbon transition. ... Read more

Research on segregation and economic inequality is often limited to major capitals and conurbations, neglecting smaller cities. This oversight can lead to public policies based on insights that may not be universally applicable. Leveraging geo-coded register data, this study addresses this problem in the case of the Netherlands by computing income inequality and residential segregation annually in all urban areas from 2011 to 2022. Contrary to most literature, this paper shows that inequality and segregation have remained stable or decreased in most cases. In addition, when looking at how income is distributed among social segments, how segregated they are, and at which geographical scale segregation occurs, we find significant variation between urban areas. More unequal urban areas also tend to be more segregated, but patterns vary, and the same segregation levels can coexist with diverse inequality metrics. Four groups of urban areas are identified through a cluster analysis. ... Read more

This study examines how senior residents navigate the overlapping logics of dispossession and re-possession within urban redevelopment, situating this dialectic within the broader framework of spatial commodification and lived spatiotemporal experiences. While urban redevelopment offers compensation and improved housing, it also generates deep emotional, functional, and temporal disruptions – particularly for older adults. Spatially, redevelopment projects prioritise abstract commodified space, often disregarding seniors’ affective and symbolic attachments to their neighbourhoods. Importantly, seniors’ attachments to place are not uniformly positive. Many express frustrations with deteriorating environments and social fragmentation, viewing redevelopment as an opportunity to improve living conditions or family wealth accumulation. The tension between loss and gain – between being dispossessed and being re-possessed – shapes their complex responses to displacement. These dynamics are further complicated by the temporal mismatch between institutional redevelopment timelines and seniors’ embodied rhythms, such as ageing-related limitations, care responsibilities, and uncertainty about future arrangements. Meanwhile, shifting intergenerational dynamics within the family domain reveal that even with financial compensation and increased family wealth, conflicts often emerge around caregiving and benefits distribution. By centring these tensions, this study moves beyond binary accounts of victimhood or compliance and highlights the ambivalence and contingency in seniors’ engagement with redevelopment. It calls for more nuanced policy responses that align material compensation with emotional and temporal needs, particularly in contexts where family-based ageing care remains central. ... Read more

Researchers often use register data-based measures of neighborhood characteristics to estimate neighborhood effects. However, the underlying causal mechanisms might be based on the perception of such characteristics. The mismatch between the measures and perceptions is likely influenced by individuals’ characteristics and attitudes. This paper investigates the relationship between the measured percentages of low-income and foreign background neighbors and their perceptions. Using Dutch register data merged with survey data, we found that higher education is associated with the underestimation of both characteristics, but after controlling for individual institutional trust it becomes less significant to the perceived percentage of foreign background neighbors, and insignificant to that of low-income neighbors. Individuals with lower institutional trust are likely to overestimate both percentages. Older age, greater wealth and greater social embeddedness are associated with underestimation of both characteristics, and higher household income with the underestimation of the share of low-income neighbors. We find that trust in democratic and public institutions is associated with biased perceptions of social reality, which can be an important finding for the spatial inequality studies. Our results also suggest that urban research would benefit from augmenting administrative datasets with surveys and interviews. ... Read more

Previous research based on 2001 and 2011 census data indicated rising levels of residential segregation between socio-economic groups in many large city-regions in Europe as well as globally. Rising segregation is an important societal concern, as place of residence plays a crucial role in shaping access to urban opportunities. Residential isolation can be especially harmful for the most vulnerable groups. Income inequality was identified as the primary driver of this segregation. The current paper extends comparative research on residential segregation in Europe by incorporating the latest 2021 census and register-based data to determine whether segregation levels have continued to rise or have peaked, or whether there are signs of desegregation. It also examines how changes in segregation align with shifts in income inequality and occupational structures. A comparative analysis of 16 European capital city-regions shows a slowdown in the rise of segregation, with some city-regions transitioning from segregation to desegregation. These changes coincide with both a slowdown in the growth of income inequality and increased professionalisation of the workforce. The study suggests that future research should focus on the mechanisms driving residential desegregation in different urban contexts, with particular attention to the diversification of residential patterns among the expanding professional class. ... Read more

Neighborhood effects research focuses on the residential neighborhood, assuming it as the main spatial context relevant to individual outcomes. Individuals, however, are mobile and visit various spatial contexts other than the residential neighborhoods. This article conceptualizes contextual exposures to socioenvironmental factors in daily activity spaces and their relationship with residential exposures. By introducing regression toward the mean, we argue that mobility-based contextual exposures are, on average, less extreme than residential exposures. Previous neighborhood effects studies therefore tend to underestimate actual spatial contextual effects when they misrepresent residential neighborhood effects as the total contextual effects. Despite improved measurement accuracy with the transition from residence- to mobility-based exposures, we suggest the complexities remaining in the estimation of spatial contextual effects from a geographic perspective. These complexities include a possibly limited extent of neighborhood effects regression across neighborhoods and asymmetrical dispersion of between-individual contextual exposures within each neighborhood. ... Read more

The urban heat island effect is increasingly affecting the quality of life in cities, and detailed data is crucial in designing mitigation policies. However, weather stations are predominantly situated outside urban environments, limiting their ability to represent the varying air temperatures within street canyons. This data paper addresses this limitation by presenting a dataset of the modeled daily maximum urban heat island (UHImax) effect across 99 Dutch municipalities during the summer of 2023. This is achieved by implementing a semi-empirical equation that incorporates readily available meteorological variables and two key urban morphological indicators, namely the sky view factor and fractional vegetation cover. Two primary datasets are presented: (1) a high-resolution dataset of modeled UHImax, and (2) a sky view factor dataset. Both datasets are provided in GeoTIFF format at a 5-meter spatial resolution. Additionally, this paper presents a straightforward methodology for obtaining UHImax values for other periods. The datasets and accompanying methodology provide valuable resources for advancing urban climate research, urban planning and heat mitigation strategies in the Netherlands. ... Read more

Understanding the spatial patterns of social inequalities has been a longstanding concern in urban studies. Geodemographic classifications, which group neighbourhoods based on multiple social and physical dimensions, offer a useful tool for this purpose. However, most classifications rely on fixed single-scale administrative boundaries, while studies that adopt multiscale approaches often focus on a single dimension and cover only limited time periods. This limits our understanding of how urban social inequalities evolve over time and across spatial scales. In this study, we extend the geodemographic approach to incorporate multiple dimensions, time periods, and geographical scales, enabling a more comprehensive analysis of the spatio-temporal configuration of urban change. We develop multidimensional, multiscale, and longitudinal spatial profiles of residential contexts in the Metropolitan Agglomeration of Amsterdam (MAA) using bespoke neighbourhoods constructed from detailed population register data (1999–2022). Our results show that the interaction of socioeconomic status, migration background, life-course stages, and housing tenure provides a richer understanding of urban stratification than traditional models based solely on income or ethnicity. The longitudinal perspective reveals distinct timing differences in urban reconfigurations, such as gentrification and displacement, which emerge locally and consolidate more broadly over time. The multiscale approach highlights how patterns of urban change are scale-dependent, with large-scale dynamics, such as poverty suburbanisation and inner-city gentrification, coexisting with the formation of smaller enclaves in areas undergoing or at risk of change. These findings highlight the need for integrated multidimensional, temporal, and multiscale frameworks to better capture the evolving nature of sociospatial inequalities in cities. ... Read more

Addressing high-temperature exposure in cities requires understanding multiple environmental dimensions, with urban morphology playing a central role. Urban morphology—which include building density, height, and arrangement—significantly influences microclimatic conditions and opportunities for adaptation. A widely used framework for studying these relationships is the Local Climate Zones (LCZ), which provides a solid theoretical foundation for understanding urban climate variations. However, LCZ categories are often idealized and may not accurately reflect the complexity of real-world environments, particularly when attempting to describe both morphological and thermal properties simultaneously.

Although urban form and thermal behavior are inherently interrelated, similar urban forms can exhibit different thermal responses depending on factors like vegetation cover, impervious surfaces, and building materials. To better represent real-world variability, separating morphological classifications from thermal characteristics allows for an analysis that accounts for these differences.

To address these challenges, we develope an approach that generates empirically derived urban morhophological types while maintaining connections to LCZ categories. Our tool systematically classifies urban morphological types for fine-grained, nationwide assessments, enabling consistent comparisons across diverse Dutch urban residential areas. This approach uses readily available geospatial data and applies unsupervised machine learning techniques to identify urban morphological typologies. By standardizing the classification process into 100 x 100 m grid cells from Statistics Netherlands, our method provides a consistent spatial and temporal framework that transcends changing administrative boundaries.

Our approach helps streamline vulnerability analysis by facilitating the intersection of multiple environmental and social dimensions. We demonstrate the tool's utility through an explorative analysis that identifies which socio-economic groups reside in neighborhoods with high heat exposure, considering both morphological types and additional factors influencing heat exposure. This tool provides urban planners and researchers with an empirically-grounded framework for identifying priority areas in existing settlements for scalable adaptation interventions across different urban contexts. ... Read more

As a growing number of Dutch higher education institutions become increasingly interested and active in university–community engagement, questions have arisen about their motivations, goals, and activities in this area. This paper aims to provide insight into the factors driving universities’ community engagement and how this is manifested in the Netherlands, considering, in particular, the role of marketization and corporate social responsibility. It thus offers an empirical foundation for understanding university–community engagement. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with major stakeholders in university–community engagement at four Dutch universities, including members of the executive boards. It was found that university–community engagement shows several similarities to corporate social responsibility and is based on a complex mix of value-driven, performance-driven, and reaction-driven motivations. Three relationships between marketization and university–community engagement are identified, characterizing university–community engagement as a counteraction against marketization, an expression of marketization, and a result of marketization. ... Read more

In 1969 Thomas C. Schelling published his paper “Models of Segregation” and in 1971 he published a follow-up paper introducing “Dynamic Models of Segregation”. Schelling's papers developed the theoretical models of interactive dynamics of individual residential choices, resulting in pronounced patterns of residential segregation at the city level. Even after 50+ years, the topic of residential segregation and sorting remains as relevant as when Schelling published his papers. The two Schelling papers have been cited more than 8000 times together, and have made a strong impact on the residential segregation literature and beyond. In this paper, we examine how Schelling's ideas have impacted empirical research on residential segregation, and thus contributed to a greater understanding of urban processes. We find that few empirical papers explicitly test the Schelling models in residential segregation studies, and there are a growing number of influential papers in the field of segregation that do not reference Schelling. However, the papers by Schelling have served as a source of inspiration for a diverse set of empirical studies, new ways of defining neighbourhoods and developing more comprehensive theories of segregation. ... Read more

This study examines how socio-spatial inequalities are associated with population concentration and de-concentration processes shaped by residential mobility. The study explores whether the patterns of residential mobility vary in different settlement system contexts. It reviews the cyclical urbanization models and the inequality of opportunities they provide in urban, suburban, and counter-urban contexts for individuals in various life stages. The theoretical models are tested by analysing individual-level data covering the entire populations of Estonia and Lithuania – two countries with similar social but different settlement system contexts. The study utilizes linked individual-level data from the 2011 and 2021 censuses, and harmonized variables in the two countries. The results show that individuals engaging in concentration, suburbanization, or de-concentration have distinct characteristics, with little differences between countries characterized with different settlement systems. While the life-course approach assumes that young people are most likely to urbanize (concentrate), those in family ages shift towards suburbanization, and older individuals tend to counter-urbanize (de-concentrate), our findings challenge these assumptions, demonstrating that young adults have a high likelihood of migration in all three directions. These findings call for more in-depth studies on the interplay between age and migration patterns that would go beyond the life-course approach and delve deeper into the residential decision-making of young people. ... Read more

Traditionally, studies of spatial inequalities only consider one single dimension, such as income, and one spatial scale - usually a neighbourhood determined by administrative boundaries. Although the existing literature increasingly recognises the multifaceted nature of inequalities in cities, this paper introduces a novel approach by integrating the multidimensional and multiscale perspectives to understand the evolution of social and spatial inequalities over time. Drawing on clustering techniques based on factor analysis and using individual-level geocoded register data from the metropolitan agglomeration of Amsterdam, our methodology classifies neighbourhoods by grouping detailed residential locations with similar socioeconomic, demographic and housing characteristics across multiple geographical scales. Through sequence analysis, we identify trajectories of neighbourhood change from 1999 to 2022, revealing patterns in the timing, duration, and sequencing of shifts across various dimensions. Our results bridge gaps in the multidimensional and multiscale neighbourhood classification literatures, providing a better understanding of how social inequalities interact and overlap in space. By examining the path dependence between different dimensions of spatial and social inequalities, this study provides insights into the processes that produce and reproduce social stratification in cities that may act at different geographical scales for different groups of people. Moreover, the rich and granular data paint a detailed picture of how residential contexts are segregated and how the trajectories of neighbourhood change are distributed spatially. This research offers an innovative framework for visualise and study the dynamic evolution of urban structures over time. ... Read more

Over many decades, academics, policymakers, and governments have been concerned with both the presence of inequalities and the impacts these can have on people when concentrated spatially in urban areas. This concern is especially related to the influence of spatial inequalities on individual outcomes in terms of health, education, work and income, and general well-being amongst other outcomes. In this commentary, we provide an overview of the literature on spatial inequalities and on contextual and neighbourhood effects. We address some of the main challenges in modelling contextual effects and provide evidence that no single study can definitively provide the answer to the question whether—and how much—spatial context effects are relevant for understanding individual outcomes. It is only when taken together that the rich body of research on spatial context effects shows convincingly that spatial context effects are relevant. The commentary ends with the presentation of the vicious circle of the segregation model and suggest some ways in which this vicious circle of spatial inequality and segregation can be broken. ... Read more

There is a longstanding interest in the causes and consequences of socio-spatial inequalities in cities. A large literature has emerged on so-called neighbourhood effects, which seeks to understand how living in neighbourhoods of concentrated poverty affects a range of individual outcomes, such as health, income, education and general wellbeing (Galster, 2012). The literature on neighbourhood effects has developed rapidly in the last three decades. It is now common practice that studies of neighbourhood effects use geocoded longitudinal individual-level data and employ a variety of (often econometric) approaches in an attempt to reduce bias from non-random sorting into neighbourhoods (Knies et al. 2021). Studies of neighbourhood effects have also increasingly looked to incorporate more personal geographic contexts replacing ‘off the shelf’ administrative units with bespoke neighbourhoods (Johnston et al., 2005; Andersson & Malmberg, 2014; Petrović et al. 2022). The most common example of bespoke neighbourhoods are egohoods – neighbourhoods placing everyone at the centre of their own personal residential space (Hipp & Boessen, 2013). More recently, multiscale approaches have been used, whereby neighbourhood characteristics are measured at multiple scales of bespoke neighbourhoods (Petrović et al., 2022). It has been argued that for both theoretical and empirical reasons, the term ‘neighbourhood effects’ should be replaced by the more encompassing term ‘spatial context effects’, as many of the assumed spatial effects are not confined to residential neighbourhoods and the contestable meaning of neighbourhood distracts (Petrović et al. 2019). ... Read more

Este artículo ofrece una evaluación detallada y longitudinal de la desigualdad económica y la segregación residencial en todas las zonas urbanas de los Países Bajos, cubriendo el periodo de 2003 a 2010. Al utilizar microdatos que abarcan la totalidad de la población del país, estimamos el nivel de segregación por ingresos mediante el Rank-Order Information Theory Index (ROITI), un indicador avanzado que se adapta a la naturaleza continua de la variable y no necesita establecer categorías de renta arbitrarias. Además, el ROITI permite una desagregación de la estimación al nivel de cada percentil, de forma que nos capacita para estimar la segregación de la pobreza y la segregación de la riqueza como dos elementos diferenciados. Las estimaciones muestran una asociación positiva entre desigualdad y segregación, aunque existe una variación considerable entre zonas urbanas y su evolución en el tiempo. Además, nuestros hallazgos confirman que los hogares más acomodados tienden a estar más separados en el espacio que la población más pobre. Sin embargo, los niveles de segregación de los diferentes segmentos de la distribución de los ingresos han variado de manera muy dispar entre las zonas urbanas de Países Bajos. Estos resultados indican que la segregación constituye un fenómeno distinto entre diferentes áreas geográficas, a lo largo del tiempo y entre distintos grupos sociales. ... Read more