The Master Thesis at TU Delft titled "The Marketplace of Ideas: Sharing and Discovery" proposes a vertical campus design developed within the Public Building Graduation Studio. This design introduces a university campus that is integrated into the cityscape of The Hague, suggesting an urban redevelopment and functioning as a public center of life. It creates a place where the public, industry, and politics intersect. ... Read more

Although not widely known, The Hague emerged as one of the most impaired cities in the Netherlands after World War II (Mellink, Saal & Van Schuppen, 2017). Bombings on Statenkwartier and Bezuidenhout left part of the city in ashes (Van Der Boom, 1995; Verbaan, 2011), but also the construction of the Atlantikwall left its marks on the urban tissue. The remnants of the Atlantikwall in the dune landscape form permanent scars that recall a memory of war, oppression and its consequences. Therefore, it is difficult to overestimate the importance of valuing this sensitive heritage. However, within the city most has disappeared. The lack of presence and the portrayal of solely military bases may have diverted attention from the human aspect of the Atlantikwall.
Though, the impact of the Atlantikwall on the public space in The Hague is often greater than people think. In The Hague, 35,000 houses have been demolished from Kijkduin to Benoordenhout to make place for walls, tank ditches, bunkers or dragon’s teeth. This defensive fortress was a total of 26 kilometers long. 145,000 residents, about thirty percent of the population, were forced to move elsewhere: within The Hague, in the province or even beyond. The area that was excavated and occupied by the Germans, left its mark on the public space and had an immense impact on the residents of The Hague at that time. Consequently, an elongated visible scar is left in the urban fabric of The Hague. When commemorating World War II, we reminisce about stories of Operation Market Garden, the bombings on Rotterdam or other events. However, the woundedness and events in The Hague, via the construction of the Atlantikwall, is a story that is often forgotten.
Sense of place, together with local communities, increases the attractiveness of and quality of urban life. Sense of place can magnify the unique values of nature, culture, (sensitive) history and landscape. It can make things tangible for a large audience and gives impetus to reconcile. The perception of citizens’ sense of place is influenced by the urban environment and its organisation. These urban external stimuli have significant influence on the well-being and mental health of residents (Gehl, 2022). The challenge lies within maintaining development and harmony with a healthy environment.
Wellbeing, mental health and dealing with (intergenerational) trauma has become a significant challenge in society. Healing is not solely defined on the individual level, but also on the community and its environment. To meet reconciliation within the landscape, cultural resources can provide pathways to healing. Exploration and development are a potential to come up with new strategies and to mitigate wellbeing and mental health, among them are cultural, social and environmental strategies (Darvill et al., 2019). A component of healing through cultural strategies is the integration of narratives of heritage, creating a sense of community and sharing connection (via the past).
Parallel to the increased differences in the meaning and significance of this heritage, the primacy of the official heritage institutions has been challenged in recent years by bottom-up initiatives. The trend towards ever-increasing citizen participation, resulting in co-creation, is also evident in the heritage world. All these initiatives come from non-governmental foundations, associations and individuals, and have a major impact on the management, (re)design and perception of the historic living environment. The knowledge to successfully cooperate with this development has not yet been brought to a generally applicable level. As a result, the appropriate working method and role perception for heritage experts, more just initiatives for residents and designers have not yet sufficiently crystallised to strengthen the spatial quality.
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This thesis explores the use of the palimpsest as a theoretical framework for adapting a heritage building. The research studies the former Maranatherkerk in Castricum, Noord-Holland. Set against a backdrop of ever-increasing secularisation in the Netherlands, the former Maranathakerk characterises the struggle faced by many decommissioned churches today - that of a tendency for stakeholders to choose demolition over adaptation. Despite the successful establishment of an upstart school community within the former church in recent years, the site nonetheless faces imminent demolition and redevelopment by the municipality. The focus of the thesis is thus twofold: to propose an extension to the former church and champion it as a permanent home for the school community; and to position the palimpsest as a theoretical framework in guiding the architectural design. The latter builds upon previous discourse on the palimpsest in linguistics, postcolonial theory, archaeology, and drawing theory, and applies this to architectural design in a novel manner. In a palimpsest, the interplay of successive layers transforms the collective into a new whole. The retention of imperfect erasures of past layers forms a crucial part of this transformation. The thesis posits that the valuation of heritage is a subjective process. Rather than attempting to establish 'limits of change' or merely preserving past traces, the existing is taken as is and as a whole and used to study ways in which past layers of the building have influenced the present usage of the site. By investigating and cataloguing the ways the different time layers interact with the life within the building: its phenomenological meanings, characteristics, usage, and everyday rituals, a toolbox for palimpsestuous adaption is formulated. In the final extension proposal, these palimpsestuous fragments are developed and architecturally highlighted in both spatial layout and material detail, encouraging future users and visitors to experience the many past lives of the site and add their own traces onto the tapestry. ... Read more

The upcoming circular economy has consequences for the application of materials within the building sector, which requires a different mindset and way of designing from the architect. The aim of this research is to develop a Circularity Overview in which the materials of a building can be assessed for circularity and environmental impact. The Overview can thus be used as a tool to test materials of an existing building, materials for a design, or can be used as a tool during the design process for adaptive reuse. This allows for orderly weighing of options and making choices, therefore it is a tool that can be of interest to students and architects who will be working with circular material use. The Overview is developed from criteria that have been compiled through desk research, for which it was important that the criteria are measurable and verifiable so that results can be replicated and traced. Knowledge about circularity was generated through literature research, after which six case studies were analyzed with an objective view. By testing the Overview on both newly built circular projects and transformed buildings, it emerged that the combination of material use and construction technique of both, such as reusing materials, applying detachable connections, and keeping existing structures intact as much as possible, can lead to favorable outcomes in terms of circularity. The circularity of the case studies as well as the operation of the Overview itself have also become insightful as a result. Although the Circularity Overview has shortcomings due to the incomplete availability of data, it provides an indication of circularity in material use that can be used to support choices before, during, and after a design phase.
The Circularity Overview was used during the design process for the revitalization of the St Barbara church in Culemborg, which resulted in a design with minimal impact on the environment. ... Read more

Smart City forms the new urban imaginary of the recent era. It primarily emerged from the West and has a wide set of definitions that revolves around the use of technology for urban development. With the concept’s growing popularity in the Global South, countries such as India have adopted it as a national program called Smart City Mission to guide the growth of its cities. However, it fails to address one of the crucial urban challenges of Indian cities - informality. This development model has created urban smart enclaves with aspirations to become a global city and has caused further fragmentation, segregation, and inequalities. The current informal area upgradation is essentially a top-down process seeking change by recognizing people’s needs and empowering them to transform their quality of life.

The graduation project, ‘An alternative smart paradigm,’ explores the possible shift in approach towards an inclusive and just smart city in India by integrating informal areas in planning and governance. The thesis explores redefining the word ‘smart’ through the lens of the local knowledge of the community. Peter Marcuse’s critical planning theory is used as a guiding theory to structure the research. It acts as an operational platform to institutionalize local voices and form a co-production system to recognize the passive actors as smart agents of change.

In order to overcome the shortcomings of the current policies and processes, a ‘Smart Slum Upgrading Program’ is envisioned which converges the existing agendas and is activated using a strategic framework. It is formulated as an evolutionary process of change that revolves around the idea of co-creation and enabling people to become smart citizens. A strategic framework based on people’s values and daily systems is expressed through the design of a spatial framework and finally operationalized using phases of transformation. A collaborative stakeholder engagement is developed to provide the right to the city for the marginalized groups. This project presents a people-centric approach towards informal area upgradation to integrate them within the smart city model and achieve socio-spatial justice. ... Read more

This thesis report, the new neighbors: urban revitalization in the Rosmolenwijk, presents the socio-spatial effects that urban revitalization plans combined with the housing crisis (and other trends and policies) have on working-class neighborhoods. The working-class neighborhoods are built-up with mostly social housing to provide home for the workers of the industries in the industrial revolution. However, with the industries disappearing, the neighborhoods are left with low quality housing and homogeneous population with low-income levels. Currently, these working-class neighborhoods are often considered as fragile and low-quality neighborhoods with a various of problems by the municipalities. To tackle these problems, municipalities came up with revitalization projects that meanly consists of methods like state-led gentrification and social mixing to boost the socio-economic status of the neighborhoods. On paper, these plans sound promising. Although, these plans are conducting friction between the new and native inhabitants. Firstly, the displacement of native inhabitants, who often have a strong connection to the community is high. This displacement is strengthened by some urban policies on housing associations that put pressure on making the housing more sustainable, leaving no other choice than selling blocks to the private sector or rebuilding blocks for the highest rental prices to be able to finance such investments. Secondly, the mix of new and native inhabitants rises the socio-spatial fragmentation between the new and native inhabitants as they are not mixing groups but create hotspots with the wealthier groups. And thirdly, the lifestyles are so different that the target groups do not seem to connect with each other. They have their own perception of theirs and what is not, the new inhabitants seem to like the community idea but hardly participate in it themselves, and the environmental connection to the neighborhoods of the new inhabitants is different than from the new inhabitants as well. The thesis plan points out some centers that have the potential to increase the social cohesion between the target groups based on the usage of the neighborhood. Furthermore, these locations will be transformed in a way that embraces the positive goals of the revitalization plans, while decreasing the socio-spatial friction that has is conducted with the current revitalization plans of working-class neighborhoods. Combined with this transformation comes the new condition in policies and legislation that are necessary to fulfill the aim of this thesis. ... Read more

The climate crisis will require far-stretching changes to our urban systems, also called a transition. However, the direction in which our society will transition is still deeply uncertain. To become less vulnerable, cities and urban areas need to increase their adaptive capacity, establishing an evolutionarily resilient region. Delta cities in the Netherlands are governed through a decentralised and neo-liberal governance model, giving responsibilities for the long-term to local actors. As a result, climate adaptation relies on being integrated in local urban redevelopment projects to produce the necessary innovations that are needed for the transition.
In the Netherlands, post-industrial port sites are redeveloped into mixed-use residential areas which should have an innovative and adaptive character to function as pilots for the regional transition towards a climate adaptive system. Nevertheless, in many cases short-term responsiveness and econmic values get the overhand, reducing the innovative value of experiments and the contribution pilot projects make for the essential transition. This leaves redeveloped neighbourhoods and the delta region vulnerable to the effects of the climate crisis and is predicted to result in a chaotic transition from the existing to the climate adaptive system (Rotmans, 2021).
This urbanism graduation project therefore studies the following question: how can post-industrial port redevelopments contribute to the transition towards climate adaptive delta cities? Comparative case study research of cases in the Rhine-Meuse delta is used first to compose an understanding of mechanisms behind the integration of climate adaptation and industrial and societal transitions in post-industrial port redevelopment projects. Next, the case study lessons for adaptation are integrated with transition principles in a redevelopment strategy for a representative case and regional pilot for climate adaptation: de Staart in Dordrecht. Here, the Dynamic Adaptive Policy Pathways framework (Haasnoot et al., 2013) proves to be a promising methodolgy for making the complex and interdisciplinary transitions more insightful.
An urban design simulation for a section of de Staart shows how the policy pathways should be used in combination with an inclusive process, a spatial framework and a set of dynamic rules to esure that short-term actions contribute to the long-term transition pathway and adaptation under uncertain future contexts remains possible. The strategy for climate adaptive redevelopment of post-industrial sites shows that it can improve local liveability through its inclusive process and accellerate the regional transition by being connected in a regional network. The project shows promising qualities for bridging the gap between ambitions towards realising climate adaptive delta cities and it can be a valuable design and redevelopment strategy for application in practice. Nevertheless, applicability in different context than the Rhine-Meuse delta can be evaluated by performing similar research under different cultural contexts. ... Read more

Trends of neoliberalisation and globalisation have led to the financialisation of housing on a global scale. This has led to the increasing deployment of state-led gentrification as a strategy for urban development, as cities aim to strengthen their position as nodes in the global economy. In the Netherlands, these trends have led to the marginalisation of social housing. As the city of Rotterdam develops ambitious plans to restructure its old city harbours into dense mixed-use districts, residents of the adjoining neighbourhood Tweebos protest the forced demolition of their social housing units in the midst of a national housing crisis. These dwellings have to make way in favour of new privately owned homes for middle-income residents as part of the municipality’s plans for city-wide socio-economic diversification.

This thesis proposes an alternative development strategy for Tweebos based in the right to the city. By establishing a Community Land Trust in Tweebos, residents will be able to regain control over the development of their neighbourhood. The CLT holds the land in perpetuity, controlling rents and resale prices democratically through the neighbourhood and thus ensuring affordability. The CLT provides Tweebos residents an instrument to elevate the use value of urban space above its exchange value, a platform to participate in the production of urban space and a mechanism to fund those developments. This thesis argues that by doing so, the CLT protects the urban commons and institutionalises the right to the city. The principles of the CLT can thus help strengthen the right to the city in the Dutch system of housing development, and can provide a starting point for a stronger public housing sector in the Netherlands. ... Read more

Chengdu is experiencing rapid development, and the urban area is sprawling to the south and east, leaving many old communities in the north. Most old communities were built before the 1980s with the aging built environment. Spatial structure cannot meet the increasing need of people. The current community redevelopment focuses on large-scale demolition, destroying the previous urban form and social network, and leading to social segregation. The project explores a strategic framework in collaboration with the government, the locals, and other public and private sectors, to promote the old community redevelopment. During this process, the locals’ voices will be heard, and they will be an essential part of the redevelopment implementation. Scenario making is an important way to help the locals without professional skills to engage in the decision-making and implementation steps. The project also proposes a series of guidelines and toolboxes to help develop several scenarios, finally to promote the community redevelopment. ... Read more

With the development of the social economy, the traditional urban work and rest pattern of working during the day and resting at night has gradually changed. The night-time economy has become a new engine for urban regeneration, economic growth and cultural creation.The growth of tourism in Amsterdam has also benefited from its inclusive and prosperous night-time economy. However, the agglomeration of the nightlife industry in Amsterdam's city center results in a rise in noise, crime, and antisocial behavior, which triggers a backlash from residents. As a current countermeasure adopted by the municipality, state-led gentrification has mitigated the night-time economy's negative externalities to an extent, but caused massive closures of nightlife venues.

This research aims to solve the dilemma of Amsterdam's night-time economy through planning instruments that optimize the urban polycentricity. The research explores integrated strategies and multi-scale spatial interventions to stimulate the development of peripheral night-time industry clusters while minimizing the nuisance, in order to improve the livability of the city center and contribute to a diverse and balanced night-time economy in Amsterdam.
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Adequate housing has long been considered a basic human right. Trends of globalisation, financialisation and urbanisation are oppressing this right. Social housing is neglected by authorities and stigmatised by society. Local, low-income residents are dispossessed and displaced, and social housing is close to disappearance. London has become a fragmented and unequal city, with an unbalanced governance. The power of the private investors induces that residents cannot make use of their right to the city. To recover the right to the city for all residents and to counteract the displacement and dispossession, a shift has to be made towards a revival of the social housing community, providing secure tenure and quality housing for the entire population. This graduation project introduces a community land trust growth model. By gradually taking land out of the market into a CLT, the residents are able to make their own decisions and improve their living conditions. The model provides tenure security and permanent affordability. The project designs a transparent and modular People’s Plan with a holistic, multiscalar vision providing secure tenure and quality housing for the urban poor. ... Read more

In this thesis report, research and landscape architecture design are integrated to formulate guiding principles to combat environmental and social issues in urban areas through the case-study of Lombardijen, a neighbourhood in the south of Rotterdam.
In the recently published Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’ climate report, the overall expectancies of climate change is expected to increase worldwide, with temperature rise as main pillar to cause intensifying weather conditions, sea level rise, draught, ocean acidification and flooding. These negative consequences of climate change are found to have an often amplifying effect on already existing inequalities based on asymmetries in power, showing great inequality in the levels of preparedness and ability to deal with climate change effects.
In the city of Rotterdam problems with flooding, draught and biodiversity loss, as well as problems with social inequality, a lack of social cohesion and a high demand for new houses put pressure on existing spatial structures. The neighbourhood of Lombardijen, in particular, is one of the cities post-war extensions based on garden-city principles. A once loved neighbourhood is now suffering from poor housing quality, lack of social integration due to fast changing demographics, large underused green spaces due to a lack of programming, poor ecological value due to monotonous vegetation and problems with water management. With the added demand for densification and the development of new houses, a new strategy needs to be made to bring the neighbourhood towards a holistic future.
Through the application of agroecology principles, possibilities are created for the improvement of environmental and social issues. Agroecology is an approach for the design and management of food and its production, as defined by Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. It integrates ecological and social concepts, and seeks an optimization between plants, animals, humans and the environment through the diversification of landscapes, efficiency in the use of re-sources and the formation of strong community links that ensure possibilities for collaboration.
By introducing the model of an agroecological farm, the neighbourhood of Lombardijen gets the opportunity to receive direct valuation of its public space and communal infrastructure. Farmers hired by the municipality take on the responsibility to care for the public spaces in collaboration with the inhabitants of the neighbourhood. The integration of food production benefits self-sufficiency, social cohesion and mobility for humans, as well as biodiversity through the ecological principles of agroecology. Also water management (through habitat creation), alternative food production and spatial quality are improved due to programming, activity and feelings of ownership. The design of the neighbourhood and the overall strategy is based on the hierarchical structure of the original design of Lombardijen garden city. The application of agroecology and the elaboration of the aforementioned model shows the possibilities for the improvement of social and environmental issues through public spaces design.
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This project takes a critical look at the relationship between Willemstad’s quality
of place and the socio-economic, socio-cultural and environmental well-being of its
local population. As a reaction, a set of Urban Design Principles for US (the locals)
are proposed. ... Read more

The activity of the urban tourists can confine to distinct urban tourist zones, the tourist bubbles. It causes segregation between city life and the tourist area. The thesis digs into this phenomenon with Hangzhou as the case city. The goal of the project is to reintroduce the locals into the tourist area and invite the tourists to explore the city. It sets up the spatial patterns of the three types of tourist bubbles in the city and analyses the interrelationships between the tourist areas and the moving-staying mode of the different types of visitors. The three representative tourist bubbles are West Lake which stands for the urban scenic areas, Hefang neighbourhood which stands for the traditional neighbourhoods, and Qiaoxi Museum clusters which stands for the cultural building clusters. Based on the analysis and the pattern system, the thesis proposes the spatial strategies for different bubbles and for the Hangzhou city to break the bubbles. ... Read more

The discontinuities of urban development and city expansion reveal Haizhu a fragmented and diverse area that results in disparity and isolation in different communities and social groups, and decreasing green and blue spaces. The objective of this thesis is to create an integrated and comprehensive socio-ecological network in terms of corridor and node at multiple scales that can improve the socio-spatial integration and reconnect the fragmented green and blue spaces for Haizhu district. Corridor is creating a linear connection or movement between spaces with certain buffer area to surrounding context instead of just a linear feature as boundary, while node provides certain places where nature or people can integrate with each other. ... Read more

With the development of knowledge economy, innovation ecosystems emerged and science parks as localized innovation ecosystems have been adopted as strategies of business support and technology transfer largely around the world. The establishment of science parks aims to create knowledge spillovers and work as catalyst to stimulate regional and national economic growth. However, as literature shows, although widespread perception of SPs as facilitators of linkages building of on-park actors and many empirical studies confirm this perception, considerable numbers of empirical studies have provided weak and even contradictory results. A reason why some science parks are not as successful as they are expected is the weak innovation network building environment and insufficient using of innovative resources. Therefore, this study proposed innovation network building and governance that can contribute to the interaction between different parties and stimulate resources flow. The triple helices of university-industry-government interaction play essential roles in the innovation network building and governance processed. They can provide variety of resources in to science parks, thus stimulating innovation through their collaboration. This research aims to provide a theoretical debate on whether innovation network building and governance can influence innovative linkages building of on-park actors and build a conceptual framework of the roles of university, local government and industry played in the innovation network building and governance processes. ... Read more

Delta cities all around the world are under pressure from different forms of climate change effects. Soil subsidence as a result of peat oxidation, and anthropogenic loading of the soil. The soil in many of the heavily urbanised deltas around the world is subsiding faster than the see level is rising as a result of climate change. Few people are however aware of the problems that soil subsidence can cause and the threat that it poses for the cities and their hinterlands, in Delta regions. Soil subsidence has been going on for such a long time that few people seem to realise that it can pose a threat in the nearby future. Delfland is a part of the Dutch delta that has been polderized and it has been subsiding ever since these polders where created. The purpose of this thesis is to research what the spatial and strategical requirements are, to make it possible for Delfland to deal with soil subsidence, and its effects within the region. There is however no certainty about the future impact of soil subsidence or the which actions are required to counter soil subsidence and its effects. The dynamic adaptive policy pathways (DAPP) method is used to deal with this uncertainty. This method has been developed to be able to plan for an unknown future. This is done though the development of dynamic pathways that function as a plan that can change, depending on future developments. This makes it possible to deal with uncertainty within the soil subsidence problem feld, as well as, external uncertainties. For example uncertainties from climate change, economical changes, or political changes. The strategical impact, of dealing with soil subsidence and its effects through the use of DAPP, is reviewed by taking a closer look at how decisions are made within the DAPP method, and how these same decisions could be made on a regional scale for all of Delfland. This requires knowledge of the possible stakeholders and their role and influence within Delfland and in relation to soil subsidence and its effects. The spatial impact, of dealing with soil subsidence and its effects through the use of DAPP, is reviewed by taking a closer look at the pathways that could be chosen when using the DAPP method. Spatial reflections of different pathways, on the Delfland region, offer an insight in the possible spatial outcomes of different pathways and the actions that are taken within these pathways. ... Read more

The tourism of Amsterdam has undergone rapid growth. However it has also brought negative impacts. The space and environmental resources are under the massive pressure of tourism. First, In the situation of overtourism, Amsterdam needs to regulate development of tourism; Second, in the situation of post corona virus, the shrinking situation provide more flexibility to bring co-existence of tourists and citizens. Reflexing the actions on space, the (public) space of Amsterdam need to transit and upgrade corresponding to the dense and crowded centre. ... Read more

In the entire European Region over 80% of the adolescents are not active enough (WHO, 2019b). Physical activity can be seen as an essential component of human health as it can contribute to reducing the risk at several diseases, such as diabetes, depression, and several types of cancer (World Health Organization, 2010, p.10). Physical activity behaviour is influenced by a high variety of variables, ranging from personal variables to the physical environment. The composition of public spaces can facilitate or hinder adolescent physical activity behaviour. Although a lot of research has been done already and studies increasingly included the physical environment, research shows inconsistencies regarding similar variables (e.g. Ding, Sallis, Kerr, Lee, & Rosenberg, 2011). This makes it difficult to apply the knowledge in urban design practice. The objective of this thesis is to explore the role of urban design in contributing to increase activity levels of adolescents using quantitative statistics. Literature review is used to identify attributes of (adolescent) physical activity behaviour. From this review spatial attributes are selected to research the preferences of adolescents to visit public spaces for physical activity. A choice based conjoint analysis (CBCA) is used to estimate the relative importance of ten spatial attributes for adolescent physical activity in outdoor public space. To illustrate how such statistical method can be used to inform urban design a square in Westland, the Netherlands is selected as a test case to transform. Westland showed to be the least green municipality, and adolescents in Westlands appeared less active than the Dutch average. The attributes that showed significantly important from the survey were used to analyse and transform an existing public space. Choice based conjoint analysis can be a valuable method to use in urban research and design, as one can identify user preferences before actually transforming the physical environment. However it is important to carefully define and use the attributes for the analysis, and to avoid misinterpretation as much as possible. Choice based conjoint analysis can identify what spatial attributes are important and with that an urban designer can show how these can be implemented in urban design.  ... Read more

The world we live in is more and more a digital world and the number of people having access to digital communication technologies is growing rapidly. This integration of digital technologies into everyday life is what is called the digitalization process (IGI Global dictionary, 2018). It is a process that can be seen as a long-term societal transition influencing our daily life, like the way we work, how we do our shopping or how we communicate with friends and family (Van Winden & De Carvalho, 2017). As the way we live influences our use of the space around us, changes in this process also change our use of the space around us. On the other hand, our surroundings influence the decisions we make as well.This graduation projects will focus on the use of public space and how public space is affected by the introduction of digital devices. It is believed that this digitalization process has introduced new behaviour, making public space not just a space for traditional uses, like meeting people, but also places where digital devices are used more often, either for practical or for social purposes. Public space is seen as one of the fundamental elements of cities and thus also of Dutch cities, and cities need to prepare themselves for future changes. This graduation project tries to find a new synergy between this traditional use of public space and the use of digital devices in public space, by analysing the phenomenon in the Indische Buurt, a neighbourhood in the eastern part of Amsterdam. It will provide an analysis of this neighbourhood, research the impacts using personal digital devices have on the use of these spaces, and how to deal with these changes. The results of the analysis will be translated into urban design interventions which have the ultimate goal to find a new synergy between the different uses of public space. With reflecting on these interventions and proposals, a matrix will be produced to show how certain interventions are connected to different types of use and user roles. This will show how the design interventions could be integrated in other neighbourhoods or cities. ... Read more