The Netherlands has a strong tradition of draining peatlands, often for agricultural purposes, resulting in CO₂ emissions, soil subsidence, and biodiversity loss. A higher groundwater level is often presented to combat these issues as it offers benefits for ecosystem restoration, reducing land subsidence, and achieving climate adaptation. However, implementation remains limited due to conflicts with conventional agricultural practices, possible methane emissions, water quality concerns, and policy contradictions. This study examines how spatial planning in the peatland region of Midden-Delfland can support climate adaptation through strategic groundwater elevation, while balancing environmental sustainability, infrastructure resilience, and agricultural viability.
Using a spatial Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) combined with expert insights, the research identifies areas where groundwater level adjustments are most necessary, feasible, and desirable. It proposes a spatial transition strategy that strengthens the region’s landscape identity while enhancing resilience to climate change. Wet crop cultivation (paludiculture), such as reed, cattail, cranberries, or peat moss, is explored as a viable alternative in areas with thick peat layers and high greenhouse gas emission potential. Strategies such as water retention and multifunctional land use should form the foundation of climate-adaptive planning.
For this transition to succeed, several conditions must be met. First, freshwater availability is essential, as scarcity poses a significant risk to the effectiveness of groundwater elevation. Second, contradictory policies, such as subsidies promoting opposing objectives, must be resolved and clear, consistent sustainability frameworks for the agricultural sector are needed to take the lead in driving this transition forward. Third, economic uncertainty due to changing political priorities underscores the need for fair compensation for when transitioning to paludiculture and for providing ecosystem services. Lastly, a cultural shift is needed in how landscapes are valued. Provincial policies focused on preserving open views may unintentionally block transitioning to paludicultures. Whether heritage protection should limit climate adaptation remains a key question for further research. This study presents a planning framework that incorporates ecological, spatial, and socio-economic perspectives for making peat landscapes climate-resilient, applicable not only in the Netherlands but also beyond.

The global water crisis could 'spiral out of control' due to overconsumption, pollution, and climate change. Building resilient freshwater systems is one of the most significant challenges in the face of climate change.
The Rhine River basin is home to over 60 million people. It's a center for trade, industry, and food production. However, the region's complex ecosystem is currently under threat from direct and indirect consequences of human activity. The ecosystems and habitats are disappearing, and pollution is still present in the water due to untreated sewage, industrial waste, and agricultural runoff. The growing population and increasing industrial demand for water use are putting a significant strain on the freshwater flow and supply, while droughts and floods further exacerbate the issue. This has resulted in the depletion of the quality of freshwater, creating further environmental risks..
The goal is to create an integrative and resilient Rhine River basin, with a special focus on the South Holland delta, which enhances the well-being of citizens, improves biodiversity, and ensures climate justice through the preservation of freshwater.
To achieve this, our vision for the Fresh Rhine employs a range of theories and methods such as resilience, sustainability, and nature-based solutions. They are applied in four critical locations: Lake Constance as the main water reservoir of the system; the area around the city of Kaub, a "blocked artery" of the river, especially sensitive to droughts; the Ruhr area, the main industrial center and pollutor of the region; and finally - the South Holland delta, where all these different conditions come together and meet the sea, another big threat to freshwater. The strategy focuses on renaturing the shorelines, reintroducing wetlands, and creating networks of wetland biotopes, as well as employing innovative ways of water reuse in agriculture, industries, and cities.
This will require collaboration between stakeholders, including government, private companies, civil society groups, and local communities. Ultimately, the project envisions a future where the Rhine River basin and the delta are leaders in sustainable water management, and a model for other regions facing similar challenges.
The implications of our strategy can extend beyond just the Rhine River basin. We aim to provide a more integrative approach to regional strategies for freshwater management in rivers that span across borders. The outcome of this project can be built upon for other regions facing similar challenges and provide a roadmap for creating resilient freshwater systems.