For product developers that design near-body products, virtual mannequins that represent realistic body shapes, are valuable tools. With statistical shape modelling, the variability of such body shapes can be described. Shape variation captured by statistical shape models (SSMs) is often polluted by posture variations, leading to less compact models. In this paper, we propose a framework that has low computational complexity to build a posture invariant SSM, by capturing and correcting the posture of an instance. The posture-normalised SSM is shown to be substantially more compact than the non-posture-normalised SSM. Practitioner summary: Statistical shape modelling is a technique to map out the variability of (body) shapes. This variability is often polluted by variations in posture. In this paper, we propose a framework to build a posture invariant statistical shape model. Abbreviations: SSM: statistical shape model; 1D: one-dimensional; 3D: three-dimensional; DHM: digital human model; LBS: linear blend skinning; PCA: princial component analysis; PC: principal component; TTR: thumb tip reach.@en

Measuring and interpretation of brain wave signals through electroencephalography (EEG) is an emerging technology. The technique is traditionally applied in a clinical setting with EEG caps and conductive gels to ensure proper contact through a subject’s hair, and anticipate inter-subject anthropometric variations. Development of dry electrodes offers the potential to develop wearable EEG headsets. Such devices could induce medical and commercial applications. In this paper, we evaluate a prototype EEG headset that actively places electrodes at standardized positions on the subject’s head, where each electrode is applied with equal pressure. The system is designed for use with dry electrodes. Our research delivers a better understanding on the link between general level of comfort and possible useful clear data signals, that can be used in brain computer interfaces (BCI). The present study is confined to the impact of adjustable electrodes pressure on level of user comfort only. Levels of discomfort are assessed in twelve participants, wearing an EEG headset with controllable electrode pressure exerted at 14 locations. Of-the-shelf dry electrodes are used. In a first session, evenly distributed pressure is increased and afterwards decreased in fixed time intervals, going from 10 kPa to 30 kPa and vice versa with steps of 2 kPa. In a second session, a subject specific acceptable pressure level is retrieved from the data of the first session and constantly applied for 30 min. During this intervention, level of discomfort is assessed in a VAS-scale. Additional observation and surveys yields insights on user experience in wearing a pressure exerting EEG headset.@en

Measuring and interpretation of brain wave signals through electroencephalography (EEG) is an emerging technology. The technique is traditionally applied in a clinical setting with EEG caps and conductive gels to ensure proper contact through a subject’s hair, and anticipate inter-subject anthropometric variations. Development of dry electrodes offers the potential to develop wearable EEG headsets. Such devices could induce medical and commercial applications. In this paper, we evaluate a prototype EEG headset that actively places electrodes at standardized positions on the subject’s head, where each electrode is applied with equal pressure. The system is designed for use with dry electrodes. Our research delivers a better understanding on the link between general level of comfort and possible useful clear data signals, that can be used in brain computer interfaces (BCI). The present study is confined to the impact of adjustable electrodes pressure on level of user comfort only. Levels of discomfort are assessed in twelve participants, wearing an EEG headset with controllable electrode pressure exerted at 14 locations. Of-the-shelf dry electrodes are used. In a first session, evenly distributed pressure is increased and afterwards decreased in fixed time intervals, going from 10 kPa to 30 kPa and vice versa with steps of 2 kPa. In a second session, a subject specific acceptable pressure level is retrieved from the data of the first session and constantly applied for 30 min. During this intervention, level of discomfort is assessed in a VAS-scale. Additional observation and surveys yields insights on user experience in wearing a pressure exerting EEG headset.@en

Measuring and interpretation of brain wave signals through electroencephalography (EEG) is an emerging technology. The technique is traditionally applied in a clinical setting with EEG caps and conductive gels to ensure proper contact through a subject’s hair, and anticipate inter-subject anthropometric variations. Development of dry electrodes offers the potential to develop wearable EEG headsets. Such devices could induce medical and commercial applications. In this paper, we evaluate a prototype EEG headset that actively places electrodes at standardized positions on the subject’s head, where each electrode is applied with equal pressure. The system is designed for use with dry electrodes. Our research delivers a better understanding on the link between general level of comfort and possible useful clear data signals, that can be used in brain computer interfaces (BCI). The present study is confined to the impact of adjustable electrodes pressure on level of user comfort only. Levels of discomfort are assessed in twelve participants, wearing an EEG headset with controllable electrode pressure exerted at 14 locations. Of-the-shelf dry electrodes are used. In a first session, evenly distributed pressure is increased and afterwards decreased in fixed time intervals, going from 10 kPa to 30 kPa and vice versa with steps of 2 kPa. In a second session, a subject specific acceptable pressure level is retrieved from the data of the first session and constantly applied for 30 min. During this intervention, level of discomfort is assessed in a VAS-scale. Additional observation and surveys yields insights on user experience in wearing a pressure exerting EEG headset.@en

Measuring and interpretation of brain wave signals through electroencephalography (EEG) is an emerging technology. The technique is traditionally applied in a clinical setting with EEG caps and conductive gels to ensure proper contact through a subject’s hair, and anticipate inter-subject anthropometric variations. Development of dry electrodes offers the potential to develop wearable EEG headsets. Such devices could induce medical and commercial applications. In this paper, we evaluate a prototype EEG headset that actively places electrodes at standardized positions on the subject’s head, where each electrode is applied with equal pressure. The system is designed for use with dry electrodes. Our research delivers a better understanding on the link between general level of comfort and possible useful clear data signals, that can be used in brain computer interfaces (BCI). The present study is confined to the impact of adjustable electrodes pressure on level of user comfort only. Levels of discomfort are assessed in twelve participants, wearing an EEG headset with controllable electrode pressure exerted at 14 locations. Of-the-shelf dry electrodes are used. In a first session, evenly distributed pressure is increased and afterwards decreased in fixed time intervals, going from 10 kPa to 30 kPa and vice versa with steps of 2 kPa. In a second session, a subject specific acceptable pressure level is retrieved from the data of the first session and constantly applied for 30 min. During this intervention, level of discomfort is assessed in a VAS-scale. Additional observation and surveys yields insights on user experience in wearing a pressure exerting EEG headset.@en

Measuring and interpretation of brain wave signals through electroencephalography (EEG) is an emerging technology. The technique is traditionally applied in a clinical setting with EEG caps and conductive gels to ensure proper contact through a subject’s hair, and anticipate inter-subject anthropometric variations. Development of dry electrodes offers the potential to develop wearable EEG headsets. Such devices could induce medical and commercial applications. In this paper, we evaluate a prototype EEG headset that actively places electrodes at standardized positions on the subject’s head, where each electrode is applied with equal pressure. The system is designed for use with dry electrodes. Our research delivers a better understanding on the link between general level of comfort and possible useful clear data signals, that can be used in brain computer interfaces (BCI). The present study is confined to the impact of adjustable electrodes pressure on level of user comfort only. Levels of discomfort are assessed in twelve participants, wearing an EEG headset with controllable electrode pressure exerted at 14 locations. Of-the-shelf dry electrodes are used. In a first session, evenly distributed pressure is increased and afterwards decreased in fixed time intervals, going from 10 kPa to 30 kPa and vice versa with steps of 2 kPa. In a second session, a subject specific acceptable pressure level is retrieved from the data of the first session and constantly applied for 30 min. During this intervention, level of discomfort is assessed in a VAS-scale. Additional observation and surveys yields insights on user experience in wearing a pressure exerting EEG headset.@en

Measuring and interpretation of brain wave signals through electroencephalography (EEG) is an emerging technology. The technique is traditionally applied in a clinical setting with EEG caps and conductive gels to ensure proper contact through a subject’s hair, and anticipate inter-subject anthropometric variations. Development of dry electrodes offers the potential to develop wearable EEG headsets. Such devices could induce medical and commercial applications. In this paper, we evaluate a prototype EEG headset that actively places electrodes at standardized positions on the subject’s head, where each electrode is applied with equal pressure. The system is designed for use with dry electrodes. Our research delivers a better understanding on the link between general level of comfort and possible useful clear data signals, that can be used in brain computer interfaces (BCI). The present study is confined to the impact of adjustable electrodes pressure on level of user comfort only. Levels of discomfort are assessed in twelve participants, wearing an EEG headset with controllable electrode pressure exerted at 14 locations. Of-the-shelf dry electrodes are used. In a first session, evenly distributed pressure is increased and afterwards decreased in fixed time intervals, going from 10 kPa to 30 kPa and vice versa with steps of 2 kPa. In a second session, a subject specific acceptable pressure level is retrieved from the data of the first session and constantly applied for 30 min. During this intervention, level of discomfort is assessed in a VAS-scale. Additional observation and surveys yields insights on user experience in wearing a pressure exerting EEG headset.@en

Motion capture (mocap) is traditionally conducted by optical systems. These are expensive and usually limited to controlled environments. We investigated the accuracy of portable and inexpensive mocap sensor systems compared to benchmark optical systems with respect to tracking joint angles. This review summarizes the findings of 21 studies. In these studies, 228 subjects were employed, and 16 joints were tracked, spanning a range of activities. We did not find a system that is consistent and equally accurate across all joint angles for all activities (root mean square error up to 12.1 degrees). However, under some ideal conditions, the results are on par with optical mocap. Our recommendations for future research and development are to focus on tracking faster activities, activities in off-site conditions, and following standardized biomechanical models of joint angles. @en

Motion capture (mocap) is traditionally conducted by optical systems. These are expensive and usually limited to controlled environments. We investigated the accuracy of portable and inexpensive mocap sensor systems compared to benchmark optical systems with respect to tracking joint angles. This review summarizes the findings of 21 studies. In these studies, 228 subjects were employed, and 16 joints were tracked, spanning a range of activities. We did not find a system that is consistent and equally accurate across all joint angles for all activities (root mean square error up to 12.1 degrees). However, under some ideal conditions, the results are on par with optical mocap. Our recommendations for future research and development are to focus on tracking faster activities, activities in off-site conditions, and following standardized biomechanical models of joint angles. @en

Motion capture (mocap) is traditionally conducted by optical systems. These are expensive and usually limited to controlled environments. We investigated the accuracy of portable and inexpensive mocap sensor systems compared to benchmark optical systems with respect to tracking joint angles. This review summarizes the findings of 21 studies. In these studies, 228 subjects were employed, and 16 joints were tracked, spanning a range of activities. We did not find a system that is consistent and equally accurate across all joint angles for all activities (root mean square error up to 12.1 degrees). However, under some ideal conditions, the results are on par with optical mocap. Our recommendations for future research and development are to focus on tracking faster activities, activities in off-site conditions, and following standardized biomechanical models of joint angles. @en

Motion capture (mocap) is traditionally conducted by optical systems. These are expensive and usually limited to controlled environments. We investigated the accuracy of portable and inexpensive mocap sensor systems compared to benchmark optical systems with respect to tracking joint angles. This review summarizes the findings of 21 studies. In these studies, 228 subjects were employed, and 16 joints were tracked, spanning a range of activities. We did not find a system that is consistent and equally accurate across all joint angles for all activities (root mean square error up to 12.1 degrees). However, under some ideal conditions, the results are on par with optical mocap. Our recommendations for future research and development are to focus on tracking faster activities, activities in off-site conditions, and following standardized biomechanical models of joint angles. @en

Motion capture (mocap) is traditionally conducted by optical systems. These are expensive and usually limited to controlled environments. We investigated the accuracy of portable and inexpensive mocap sensor systems compared to benchmark optical systems with respect to tracking joint angles. This review summarizes the findings of 21 studies. In these studies, 228 subjects were employed, and 16 joints were tracked, spanning a range of activities. We did not find a system that is consistent and equally accurate across all joint angles for all activities (root mean square error up to 12.1 degrees). However, under some ideal conditions, the results are on par with optical mocap. Our recommendations for future research and development are to focus on tracking faster activities, activities in off-site conditions, and following standardized biomechanical models of joint angles. @en

Motion capture (mocap) is traditionally conducted by optical systems. These are expensive and usually limited to controlled environments. We investigated the accuracy of portable and inexpensive mocap sensor systems compared to benchmark optical systems with respect to tracking joint angles. This review summarizes the findings of 21 studies. In these studies, 228 subjects were employed, and 16 joints were tracked, spanning a range of activities. We did not find a system that is consistent and equally accurate across all joint angles for all activities (root mean square error up to 12.1 degrees). However, under some ideal conditions, the results are on par with optical mocap. Our recommendations for future research and development are to focus on tracking faster activities, activities in off-site conditions, and following standardized biomechanical models of joint angles. @en