Spatial plan (or urban plan) as an aggregate product of sectoral policies (i.e., environmental, disaster management, economy, forestry), will be imposed to all land parcels in the form of public law to achieve the vision of a city. This vision relies heavily on the interoperability of land-use, land tenure, land value, and land development. The inseparability between land administration and spatial planning is widely acknowledged by cadaster communities in achieving sustainable development and important for landowners and investors alike. In July 2017, the government of the Republic of Indonesia established action plans for adopting, implementing, monitoring and reporting achievement of Sustainable Development Goals in both national and local levels. Spatial (or urban) planning is the key elements in these plans, particularly in fostering integrated urban and regional plans and supporting collaborative efforts towards well-coordinated national strategies. However, many of collaborative approaches are hindered by asymmetric information from lack of interoperability of information caused by the separation of management of land administration and spatial planning processes and information systems that sourced from silos of information. This phenomenon leads us to incomplete RRRs (Rights, Restrictions, and Responsibilities) information and causing hidden information for all responsible parties. The hidden information then creates high-cost economy, stimulates unnecessary disputes and instigates moral hazards. Asymmetric information condition, parties (authorities, landowners and prospectus buyers) are often being forced to put unnecessary efforts to investigate RRRs situations of their land parcels or properties against existing or revision of public laws within narrow windows of opportunity. This article aims to promote spatial planning information package in the upcoming ISO LADM revision to better integrate RRRs information from land administration and spatial planning into the existing Land Administration System. By exercising the spatial planning information package, a city can minimize asymmetric access to RRRs information among government institutions and between government and landowners or prospectus investors. @en

An urban plan contains a set of agreements from all stakeholders that may directly impact livelihood. However, many cities show a ‘plan and forget’ behavior by not monitoring and evaluating their urban plans. While local citizens are often excluded after the urban plan is enacted. Gibbs (2016) warned of the risk of this behavior by saying, “local communities are given the impression that the risk is being managed, when in fact it is not.” Therefore, as the affected party, local citizens should be included in the development of the plan and the monitoring, evaluating, and reporting of urban plan implementation. However, in reality, a collaboration between authorities and local citizens in monitoring land development is rare. In some cases, cities do not share urban plans with society. This situation motivates this research by developing a framework to make urban plans interoperable and accessible to the broader community by determining four particular objectives: (i) to identify what type and specification of spatial data are required to support participatory monitoring of the implementation of the urban plan; (ii) to design information interoperability of land-use plans for participatory urban plan monitoring; (iii) to construct spatial data governance that allows two-way information flows between stakeholders in participatory urban plan monitoring; and (iv) to develop a prototype for PUPM that enables two-way information flows and multidimensional spatial representation to support participatory urban plan monitoring. This study was built upon the four functions of land management: land tenure, land valuation, land-use planning, and land development. Information interoperability is essential for allowing interaction between these functions, particularly in PUPM. This study supports the revision of the ISO 19152 on the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) by developing Spatial Plan Information Package (SP Information Package) for accommodating information from land-use planning and land development planning. In recent years, cities have adopted the digital twin concept to represent physical urban objects by exploiting 3D spatial information for improving the spatial thinking of all stakeholders. A common interest of urban planners in using an updated 3D spatial information for Rights, Restrictions, and Responsibilities (RRRs) was depicted for further analysis. Therefore, this study proposes the digital triplets concept for representing the legal situation of the land in four-dimensional representation (3D geometry with temporal aspect managed as an attribute). This thesis presents the development of a prototype using 4D spatial representation for supporting PUPM. The prototype enables two-way information flows between urban planners and citizens to enable the co-production of urban information. This study also proposes user-centered and data governance aspects in a holistic approach to implementing the proposed standard and technology, particularly for sharing RRRs with all stakeholders through an Open Spatial Information Infrastructure. The result of this study is implemented with actual urban plan data in the two biggest Indonesian cities: Jakarta and Bandung City. A usability test was conducted to assess the implementation of participatory urban plan monitoring using RRRs. The result shows that our approach can accommodate RRRs from the spatial planning process, providing a complete overview of the legal situation of the land or urban space to all stakeholders to monitor the implementation of urban plans to support the Sustainable Development Goals: ‘plan and progress’.@en

Most urban planning monitoring activities were designed to monitor implementation of aggregated sectors from different initiatives into practical and measurable indicators. Today, cities utilize spatial information in monitoring and evaluating urban planning implementation for not only national or local goals but also for the 2030 Agenda of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Modern cities adopt Participatory Geographic Information System (PGIS) initiative for their urban planning monitoring. Cities provide spatial information and online tools for citizens to participate. However, the selection of spatial information services for participants is made from producers’ perception and often disregards requirements from the regulation, functionalities, and broader user’s perception. By providing appropriate spatial information, the quality of participatory urban monitoring can be improved. This study presents a method for selecting appropriate spatial information for urban planning monitoring. It considers regulation, urban planning, and spatial science theories, as well as citizens’ requirements, to support participatory urban planning monitoring as a way to ensure the success of providing near real-time urban information to planners and decision-makers@en

Land and space are major driving factors in doing business in urban areas. Cities around the world are performing land management techniques to achieve sustainable urban development. The World Bank acknowledges the importance of land management practices and promotes it as the Ease Of Doing Business (EODB) indicators for a supportive environment for economic activities. In improving a city's competitiveness, local governments need to establish a reliable Land Administration System to organize unrenewable urban land and spaces and simultaneously reduce information asymmetry between actors. A modernized LAS is needed to accommodate the four functions of land management: land tenure, land value, land-use planning, and land development. The ISO 19152:2012 on Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) standard offers a foundation to establish information interoperability in land management that is crucial in modeling the relationship between people and land (and space), the geometrical components, as well as documented Rights, Responsibilities, and Restrictions (RRRs) in land. To promote the exchange of information between the domains of land administration domain and spatial planning, an extension of LADM, the Spatial Plan Information Package (SP Package), was proposed to support cities organizing information in land management. This article presents the proposed spatial plan information extension to the LADM country profile for Indonesia. This work also develops a proof-of-concept of the package in the two biggest Indonesian cities (Jakarta and Bandung) with adaptation to the current national data management policies. Our research shows positive results on making the LADM country profile reflect on the real condition and improving LAS's adaptability to be integrated with the Spatial Information Infrastructure.@en

Cities establish and maintain Land Administration Systems (LAS) to manage information about the land and urban space. Recognizing the importance of the urban space for sustainable development, information from spatial planning will affect land administration and vice versa. Therefore, every aspect that influences land use, both from spatial planning and land administration should be identified, documented, and standardized as they contain legally binding rules for governments and citizens. The Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), ISO standard 19152:2012, offers guidelines to ensure interoperability in the representation of Rights, Restrictions, and Responsibilities (RRRs). LADM is also capable of standardizing multi-dimensional representation, including the temporal capability for documenting and visualizing all legal aspects of land use or space. This paper discusses how to construct interoperable information between the spatial plan and land administration. We present the standardization of spatial planning information and land administration as subsets of land-related information. The paper proposes the development of a spatial planning package within the existing LADM standard.@en

Spatial Information Infrastructure (SDI) has great potential to support smart city by providing framework dataset and real-time information services in urban informational infrastructure, the social infrastructure and citizen's participation practices. Bandung City and Jakarta City are maintaining their SDI for various kinds of decision-making at different domain within their jurisdiction. In smart cities, it is crucial to have a data management systems which allow more stakeholders to participate in collecting, updating, maintaining, evaluating and utilizing urban information. A smart city should open their data to its citizen following Open Government Data (OGD) principles through SDI. As a member of Open Government Partnership, Indonesia is in the beginning phase of extending its SDI systems not only to serve government entities but also to citizens, academia, and private sectors. In reality, smart cities cannot rely on government entities only in producing spatial information. Heterogeneity of spatial information quality produced by citizens, academia, and private sectors create some difficulties in urban data management. However, most of the smart cities in Indonesia, namely Bandung City and Jakarta City, have not yet connected their SDI to their Smart City system due uncoordinated policies and technical limitation. Specification of Multi-domain Master Spatial Information Management (MSIM) will be the key factor for improving SDI in Indonesian Smart Cities to able to accommodate citizens, academia, and private sectors to enrich urban information. This paper proposes master data management solution for a multi-domain environment and Open SDI in a smart city.@en

Many developing countries established Spatial Data Infrastructure primary (SDI) based on belief its ability to facilitate spatial information sharing for their national development. As one of the countries that initiated Open Government Partnership, Indonesia committed to provides new space for openness, transparency, innovation, and establish continuous interaction between the government and its citizens. This paper proposes an improvement of SII by extending the range of spatial information sharing to citizens and non-government institutions as a contribution in transforming Indonesia as an open government.@en

ISO standards, which are actually being applied, are subject to periodic revision, typically in a 6 to 10-year cycle. A UN-GGIM Meeting of the Expert Group on Land Administration and Management was held on 14-15 March 2017, in Delft and the main conclusion was that the revision of LADM was indeed needed in order to provide better tools to improve tenure security and better land and property rights for all. It was also noted that land administration is a rather complex domain, and thus the revision will involve many stakeholders, namely: ISO, FIG, OGC, UN-Habitat, UN-GGIM, World bank, GLTN (Global Land Tool Network), IHO, RICS, etc.. Further goals of the revision include: providing reliable Land Administration Indicators for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), developing standard(s) supporting a Fit-for-Purpose approach, paying attention to implementations and tools (not just conceptual model), and inclusion of valuation information (which might help to define/support the Fit-for-Purpose approach). In order to prepare the LADM revision, two workshops were organized: 16-17 March 2017 (Delft) and 11-13 April 2018 (Zagreb), with experts involved in the development of the initial version of LADM and representatives of all the mentioned stakeholders. For the purpose of the revision, it is important to analyze and compare currently operational and proposed country profiles and their implementations of the first version of LADM, ISO 19152:2012. This paper gives an overview of the status of developments and the related proposals. @en

After two LADM workshops (Delft, March 2017 and Zagreb, April 2018) and three ISO TC211 meetings, where also LADM revision meetings took place (Copenhagen, May 2018, Wuhan, November 2018 and Maribor, June 2019) there is consensus growing towards the new scope of the standard. This new scope is described in this paper, and it is no exaggeration to state that there is a rather spectacular extension of Edition’s I scope. Below a first impression.@en

A new edition of the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) is under further development in ISO/TC 211 on Geographic Information. The Committee is developing this new edition of the LADM – as multipart – working titles are as follows: Part 1 – Fundamentals Part 2 – Land Registration Part 3 – Marine Space Georegulation Part 4 – Valuation Information Part 5 – Spatial Plan Information Part 6 – Implementations The decision to publish LADM Edition II as multipart had as a consequence that a New Work Item Proposal (NWIP) and a Working Draft (WD) have to be formulated for each Part. In 2020, the NWIP/WD have been submitted to ISO/TC 211 for Part 1 by Standards Australia (SA) with input from the author team on behalf of the FIG. The result of the voting was positive. Comments have been submitted, which will be processed and used in the next stage of the standard: the Committee Draft. It is planned that FIG will submit the NWIP for Part 2 before summer 2021. And it is expected that the same will happen this year for Parts 4 and 5. Those submissions are expected to be in close cooperation with other international professional organisations (i.e. IHO, RICS, OGC, etc.).@en

Land management has four functions that are interlinkage to each other: land tenure, land valuation, land use planning and land development. These functions are the foundation of Indonesia's new strategy for improving its Ease Of Doing Business (EODB), directly in dealing with construction permits and registering property. Ideally, each permit includes Rights, Restrictions, and Responsibilities (RRRs) from land management functions. However, in a decentralization, it is difficult to manage RRRs sourced from different activities and managed by multiple data custodians. Our study applies the conceptual data modeling of spatial planning information in the revision of ISO 19152 on the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) to ensure the interoperability of RRRs information. This paper is focus on how to establish interoperability of land information and disseminate to enable economic actors in doing complex tasks such as issuing business license and registering properties.@en

Land administration is essential for urban planning and Spatial Information Infrastructure (SII). Interoperability of land administration and spatial planning will determine the success of SII utilization. This information should be accessible to all member of SII, including businesses and the community. This article proposes spatial planning information as an extension of the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), the ISO 19152:2012 in order to support spatial planning. The relevance of spatial planning information to be included into LADM is integral to Land Administration System (LAS) development. 3D Spatial planning along with 3D land administration (LA) will provide a complete scene for land tenure, land valuation, land use, and land development to support sustainable development initiatives. Further, the spatial planning extension will contribute to support the UN member countries in obtaining indicators in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by improving interoperability and by integrating right, restrictions, and responsibilities (RRR) from spatial planning and LA which are often resulted from separate processes by different parties.@en

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) prescribed justice, strong institutions, and partnerships to encourage citizens' participation and inclusion. Goal 11 addresses urban areas: “Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.” The SDGs are impossible to realize without the involvement of cities and municipalities. They must align their land-use plans to align to SDG indicators and measure their progress collaboratively. Therefore, developing an application for participative monitoring of the implementation of urban plans is crucial to detect challenges and evaluate alternative scenarios for intervention-making, achieving SDGs' targets and indicators. On the other hand, investments or disruption in a city, either physical or non-physical forms, should change the configuration of Rights, Restrictions, and Responsibilities (RRRs) on a land parcel or 3D space. Therefore, monitoring the implementation of the urban plan is required to gauge a city's progress towards fulfilling SDGs indicators. In the digital transformation and democracy era, cities may benefit from Geo-ICT to improve their capability to manage land information and establish spatially enabled societies to fulfill land management roles. The developments of application for Participatory Urban Plan Monitoring (PUPM) presented in this article uses the proposed Spatial Plan Information Package within ISO 19152:2012 on the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) revision. LADM is used to construct a 3D representation of restrictions and responsibilities from land-use (urban) planning. This article presents the development of a web-based application for PUPM with emphasis on the use of Digital Triplets by adding legal spaces to Digital Twin. In supporting the PUPM of a city, the two-way information flows are between authorities and local citizens can be an updating system. An initial usability test is conducted in order to improve PUPM further. From the usability test conducted, this study found the potential of a two-way 3D spatial information flow to support PUPM.@en

De ‘Participatory Urban Plan Monitoring’ (PUPM)aanpak draagt bij aan het monitoren van ruimtelijkeontwikkelingen in context van de stedelijke plannen.PUPM is gebaseerd op een open informatieinfrastructuur voor delen van verschillende soortenland administratie gegevens: eigendomsregistratie,waardebepaling, ruimtelijke ordening en ruimtelijkeontwikkeling. Voor twee Indonesische steden, Jakartaen Bandung, is een PUPM prototype ontwikkeld enzijn er vervolgens bruikbaarheidstesten uitgevoerd.Hiermee wordt een bijdrage geleverd aan de realisatievan ‘Smart Cities/Digital Triplets’. De PUPM aanpakis generiek en kan ook elders in de wereld wordeningezet. En daarmee kan het ook voor Nederland eeninteressante optie zijn bij het inzetten van data voorhet realiseren van ruimtelijke plannen.@en

The International Standards Organization (ISO) published ISO 19152:2012 on The Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) aims to provide guidelines to develop a 3D spatial representation of Rights, Restrictions, and Responsibilities (RRRs). The multidimensional representation is useful for improving stakeholders' ability to understand the relationship between land and people. In 2017, the working group on LADM revision proposed extension of the standard by integrating land valuation and spatial planning information into its scope. The spatial planning information package proposed in LADM revision facilitates RRRs derived from spatial planning by reusing information defined in zoning regulation. Knowing that land administration and land management are matters, we examine the process of how to manage RRRs information from spatial planning and to publish it trough 3D web GIS. This paper aims to present the method for integrating land use and land development aspects in land management and visualize its RRRs with real data of Bandung City, Indonesia.@en

This paper uses developments across a global range of case countries to justify the updates and explain likely implementations. The aim is to provide readers a state-of-play LADM snapshot, and also provide information on likely future additions, modifications, and functionalities.@en

Indonesia has had a decade experience of open government data. Promoting transparency and accountability of government processes was initially the major driver for Open Government Data (OGD) in Indonesia. Under the flag of the Open Government Partnership (OGP), economic development, government efficiency, as well as citizen participation became the more prevalent drivers of the implementation of open government principles.@en