This thesis explores the external risks associated with the construction of tailings dams in the mining industry, with a focus on the recent regulatory changes in Mexico. These changes have introduced new complexities and uncertainties in project management, particularly during the tender and construction phases. The aim of this research is to address a gap in traditional risk management methodologies by developing a knowledge graph to identify and manage external risks more effectively, with the specific objective of “How to model an ontology of external risks in the construction of a tailings dam using empirical knowledge”. The scope of the study includes the analysis of external risks in the construction of a tailings dam, and the integration of ontologies to enhance contractors' decision-making processes during the tender stage.

The research employs a mixed-method approach, combining a literature review, case study analysis of the Mexican mining industry, and empirical data collection through interviews with industry experts. The methodology involves developing a knowledge graph using the Methontology approach, implemented through Protégé software. The results reveal various external risks, such as social conflicts, and activity-related and resource-related issues, that impact tailings dam projects. The knowledge graph created serves as a systematic tool for visualizing and analyzing these risks, with validation processes confirming its logical consistency and applicability.

The study concludes that external risks in the mining industry are multifaceted, encompassing social, financial, and resource-driven factors. The developed ontology provides a practical framework for contractors to identify and mitigate these risks more effectively, especially during the tender stage. The research recommends further development and application of ontology-based models in the industry to bridge the gap between theoretical risk management frameworks and practical real-world applications, thereby enhancing the overall risk management process in construction projects within the mining sector.