Success of the project depends on compliance to requirements amongst other things (Wheeler, 2003). This forms Requirements Management process an important step in the Systems Engineering life cycle. However, poor definition of requirements is an obstacle in automating the verification process. The existing solutions based on various approaches focus predominantly on building codes requirement verification and is not suitable for the dynamicity of client specific requirements. existing solutions also require users to have expertise on programming and construction domain knowledge. Hence, a general approach for rewriting client requirements in a machine understandable way is needed. The research focuses on developing this general approach using object and properties data from standard libraries such as Object Type Libraries (OTL).

The current built environment is facing a transition from a linear economy towards a circular economy. In this new system, the building parts of today are used to construct the buildings of tomorrow. Reusing building parts requires knowing the qualities of those materials. However, the current AEC (Architecture, Engineering, and Construction) industry does not know what data is required to reuse building components and how this influences processes of modelling and decommissioning parties. Therefore, this research aims to answer the following question: “Which data is needed for circular component reuse and how does this data requirement influence the management of a BIM in new construction projects?” The goal of this report is to construct an ILS (Information Delivery System. Original Dutch name: Informatie Leverings Specificatie) that provides data requirements for reuse of building components. To answer this question two organisation types are interviewed: linear building organisations and modular building organisations. The linear companies construct projects with a permeant aim whereby building parts are not redeployed in subsequent lifecycles. Modular organisations, on the other hand, construct high-quality modular assets whereby building components and elements are reused a lifecycle. By interviewing both typologies the data requirements and process could be described and compared to construct a new ILS and process. The interviews expressed the data requirements and structures of both organisations. These inputs are processed and the “Circular Reuse ILS+” and “Circular Reuse ILS+” are constructed. These documents describe data requirements of digital models to ensure that building components could be reused. Implementation of these documents increases the length, complexity, and costs of the design phases since more properties and digital models should be created and stored during these phases. The disassembly phase, contrastingly, benefits from the data and documents prescribed by the ILS+ given that more information is available for the construction of redeployment plans and analysis of the qualities of the released components. During the use phase of an asset, data should be maintained to ensure that it could be reused in future lifecycles. However, the qualities, requirements, definition, and responsibilities of this data maintenance are still unknow. Future research could focus on data maintenance to ensure that all data could be used in a perfect circular world.

The transition to a circular economy requires reducing waste and rework in construction projects. Thereby, the evaluation of building circularity in the early design phase is of great importance. However, due to the current design workflow, such practice is hindered because there is not enough information to evaluate building circularity in detail in the early design stages. An improved workflow to emphasize circularity more in the early design phase is thus needed. This research explores the current workflow and designs an improved work procedure with limited information available by incorporating an automated decision support tool to assess early design phase building circularity, aiming to improve the working efficiency and efficacy. This tool has been designed based on interviews and literature studies, and verified and validated with practitioners. This study serves as a starting point to rethink the workflow to improve circularity with current technological potentials.

One of the crucial aspects of BIM is the data rich environment connecting project information from different sub-sectors. (Mesároš et al., 2020). Therefore, developing models with consistent and trustworthy building data has gained significant importance in the industry. In contrast, incorrect or incomplete building data in a model could result in chained mistakes across disciplines, rework, or inadequate models for other stages of the building lifecycle. Most of the improvements in BIM data in organisations take place in data quality reviews by BIM specialists. The lack of integration and complexity of existing data checking tools raised the expertise leading to assessment tools used mostly by BIM specialists. After a specialist reviews a project, corrections are communicated to the designers to solve the data issues in their models. This process is repeated until the desired quality is reached by the design team. Furthermore, missing, or wrong basic data structure can often lead to incomplete or inaccurate data checking processes. The higher goal of this research is to produce perceivable benefits in the organisational data checking process. This is approached by facilitating the implementation of BIM standards and increasing the compliance of objects during design periods before entering the organisational review. Previous research showed that professionals would prefer to use simple dedicated quality checkers that can minimise manual tasks precisely and reliably instead of advanced software solutions. Thus, the goal is not to replace current workflows and practices, but instead to enhance basic data structures in models before entering the data reviews, by developing and implementing a new design-integrated checking and reporting tool. The new checking process was verified and validated with specialists and modelers in three ongoing projects. This research showed that the developed design-integrated tool can produce the perceivable benefits in the organisational data checking process explained below: •Enhancements in data quality before and after regular organisational checking reviews. •Decrease in the duration and iterations in the organisational reviews. •Increase of effectiveness and efficiency in detection and correction of data quality issues. •Decrease of personnel frustration in the organisational process. Thus, the research fulfilled the main objective to produce perceivable benefits in the organisational data checking process by developing and implementing a dedicated solution that engages designers in the process. The role-specific approach was essential to achieve a solution that meets the specific needs and system requirements of the target group, the designers. The purpose was to add a new prechecking layer to support and enhance existing data quality practices and processes. The result was a steering instrument for modelers working on the detailed design phase to involve them in identifying and correcting data quality issues. Although the perceived benefits may vary in different contexts and organisations, the new data checking and reporting solution would raise awareness and promote designers’ engagement in the organisational data checking process, who are in a dominant position to identify and correct data quality issues.

The Architecture, Engineering, Construction and Operations (AECO) industry can be descripted as a fragmented industry, with relatively low productivity and efficiency. Digital solutions like Building Information Modeling (BIM) can increase an organization's productivity. However, the Built Environment has been slow to adopt digital transformation, due to insufficient information management. Existing literature concentrates on addressing this challenge, by focusing on a single aspect of information management rather than providing a comprehensive picture of all the procedures, parties engaged, information, formats and platforms used as well as their interdependencies. Therefore, the objective of this graduation research is to determine the workflows for information management to allow digitization across the whole lifecycle, by examining multiple aspects. The case study findings lead to the creation of a process map, demonstrating more efficient workflows to be followed, by linking the distributed information between the different parties involved throughout the several project stages, while also considering each party’s digital ambitions. The main processes identified during each project stage concern the production of information deliverables by the respective party, using the suitable format. As both geometrical and non-geometrical information is generated during the different project stages, different formats are used, i.e. information models and documentation. Subsequently and at the end of each stage, the respective information is shared to other parties during specific information exchange moments. A collaborative environment is used by the different parties, both during the production and information sharing. Concluding, as digital transformation becomes even more widespread, a growing number of organizations strive for effective information management. To acquire a more reliable view on the subject, it is necessary to look at several aspects at once, hence the development of the proposed process map. To increase the validity of the outcome, more research and elaboration of the process map's elements is advised. Recommendations for the construction industry, with regard to the incorporation of digital ambitions, are also provided together with suggestions for a further enhancement of the company’s information management.

Urbanization is putting more pressure on waste management infrastructures in cities, which could lead to “inadequate and overburdened infrastructure” according to the United Nations (United Nations Statistics Division, 2019). Because people play an important role in the performance of waste management systems, the systems should be inclusive to all people (Vasconcelos et al., 2021). As currently no method suffices in studying both inclusivity and circularity in waste management processes this study proposes the waste journey method. The waste journey method combines the customer journey theory and the theory of planned behavior and can be graphically presented as in Figure 1. In the waste journey method, the waste is followed from a waste perspective from actor to actor. In this journey the waste interacts with people, called touch points, who take certain actions that influence the circular performance of the waste management process. By mapping the waste management process and analyzing the arguments actors have for their actions, with the theory of planned behavior, the barriers, and opportunities for realizing inclusivity and circularity in a waste management process can be identified. The barriers and gaps that are identified with the waste journey method can contribute to the improvement of the waste management process. Besides, this method is one of the first to recognize the preparation phase as an important phase for the circular performance of the waste management process. A downside of the waste journey method is that it is a time-consuming method to use, and it requires the transparency and willingness of all actors in the waste management process. This was also experienced in the case study where one of the actors was not willing to cooperate and commercial actors were not transparent about their waste trading contracts. Furthermore, the interview protocol of this research could have been better specified for each actor. Future studies should focus on implementing this method on other waste streams and developing the definition of inclusivity and specifying it for each actor in the waste management process

Due to the dynamic and complex nature of the construction industry, it is evident that the integration of processes and groups is more challenging to attain in comparison to other industries (Demirkesen & Ozorhon,2017). Therefore, there is a call for better integration of project participants and processes in construction projects (Franz et al., 2017). Consequently, organisational collaboration and integration are often considered inefficient and dependent on individuals. This inefficiency can be caused by individuals not making the right connections to gain access or obtain relevant data for the decision making process. This can be explained by the fact that the industry is renowned for its fragmentation and temporary project teams Whitley, 2006). Due to this fragmentation, it is not uncommon for parties to have their own internal silos. These internal silos contain different sorts of data and have limited connections within their own or with other project teams, resulting in bad data sharing and communication. The presence of data silos and limited data sharing affects risk awareness as this can cause unavailability of data or subjective biases in the decision-making process. As a result, the employees that make the decisions are not (completely) aware of the involved risks, which can give the impression of soundly under-supported choices (van der Meer, 2021). By utilising data sharing and ensuring the proper coordination and communication, one could take on the silo’s created by this fragmentation between and in project teams, and by doing so, one could expect to reduce the detrimental effects on risk awareness. Especially when firms are active in a multinational environment, research has shown that connections between people that cross physical boundaries can enhance opportunities to improve performance and improve entry to information (DeSanctis & Monge, 1999). That is why, one could argue that data sharing could contribute significantly to risk awareness among team members. To investigate this, the following research question has been formulated: How does data sharing in intra-organisational project networks contribute to risk awareness in the tender phase?

In 2021, many Dutch municipalities have started to transition away from fossil fuel sources towards more sustainable ones in order to achieve the goals set by the Parisian climate agreement of 2015. 2021 was also the year in which a new Omgevingswet was introduced in the Netherlands, in which citizen participation has become a very important pillar (Informatiepunt Leefomgeving, 2021). This, in combination with the increasing prominence of participation in the design field, means that citizen participation processes will be used more and more in projects across the country. Participation processes are processes in which citizens work together with local authorities and industry professionals. However, some challenges do exist in the usage of citizen participation for energy transition projects. One of these challenges is the occurrence of participation fatigue. Here, participants of the participation process become exhausted from working on the project and motivating them to still make useful contributions becomes more difficult. In light of this challenge, the research question this thesis aims to answer is the following: “What are the main characteristics and lessons learned from participation fatigue experienced by citizens in participation processes for public energy transition projects?”. The analysis of both qualitative and quantitative empirical data, resulted in the identification of five major categories of causes linked to the occurrence of participation fatigue. These findings were strengthened further through a quantitative analysis. The five categories were: 1) participation fatigue due to actions of and interactions with local governments and instances, 2) participation fatigue due to lack of results or slow progress in the process, 3) participation fatigue due to the intensity of the participation, 4) participation fatigue due to lack of enthusiasm of fellow citizens or organizations/businesses, and 5) participation fatigue due to lack of serious uptake of participants’ input. The report also delves into the possible solutions towards solving the issue of participation fatigue.

People are the main asset of a consultancy firm, and a Project Manager is a key figure in the delivery of projects. Change Management theories suggest that the success of change efforts relies on three components: Leadership, Project Management and Change Management. Therefore, successful sustainability implementation depends significantly on the performance of a Project Manager, how well they are equipped with the knowledge about sustainability and supported with tools and internal processes. But first of all, how well they are aware of the importance of sustainability for the organisation and how strong their intention to implement the changes is. The project manager, as an enabler of sustainability in a construction project, can contribute to the construction industry to meet sustainable development goals. To facilitate the process of sustainability implementation and create opportunities for action, more knowledge is required about current drivers and barriers for the project managers. This research investigated these drivers and barriers utilising behavioural theories. Main results The research design used a mix of qualitative and quantitative methodologies. The literature and organisational documents were used to study the current state of sustainability implementation in theory and practice, and at the same time, several exploratory interviews were conducted. DINAMO survey identified which barriers PM specialists encounter during project delivery. Four main barriers resulted from the survey: • Complexity of the change • Lack of Information • Lack of Involvement • Manageability of the change Main conclusions The study has indicated three points that can help to translate sustainability into project execution. First, the research has shown the importance of the strategic context. Explanation of the strategic goals and their alignment with other organisational goals plays an essential role in strategy implementation. Second, it has been concluded from the study that project management practices require significant revisions. Being a key figure in the project, PM must enable opportunities for sustainable goals. Sustainable goals should be inseparable from the project’s success, and the integration of these goals must be facilitated by sustainability leadership. Third, the study has disclosed that the behavioural control and intention of project managers to change play a significant role in the implementation of sustainability in projects. Behaviour is directly dependent on the working environment created by strategic settings. It is, therefore, a closed loop in which strategic settings influence the behaviour, and behaviour can provide valuable information to re-adjust the strategic settings.

As climate change concerns increase, more and more clients are aiming for higher sustainability ratings for their properties. Green building assessments are of great importance to stimulate the sustainable paradigm shift within the Architecture, Engineering and Construction industry. However, the current working process for green building assessments, such as for BREEAM-NL certification, still requires tedious manual work. The application of Building Information Modeling provides an opportunity for automated assessments and real-time feedback. Despite the significant amount of research on technological possibilities of BIM-based sustainability compliance verification, this is not a commonly adopted BIM application. This thesis project aims to address this research gap, by taking a closer look into practice to identify the barriers that are hindering the adoption of BIM for BREEAM-NL assessments and proposing a strategy to further the utilization of BIM for this purpose. The primary contributions of this research lie in the following areas: 1) Investigating the actual status of BIM use for BREEAM-NL assessments in practice and discussing the needs of the industry 2) Integrating the topics of process and policy along with technology in the discussion of BIM-based Green Building Assessments and lastly, 3) Providing a practical strategy to initiate the implementation of BIM-based BREEAM-NL assessments.

Facility management focuses on the maintenance, development, and enhancement of physical assets to expand and progress commercial value, as well as the design and upkeep of an appropriate physical workplace for the organisation’s employees and work. Enterprise facility management may be challenging with regionally scattered assets and a high number of assets and stakeholders. Filling stations in the Netherlands are not an exception. The Netherlands had 4,147 gas stations, including uncrewed stations, in 2021. Managers must make everyday strategic judgments as it's "the core of a manager's job" and "essential to organizational existence." Facility managers quickly grasped the value of data in operational and strategic decision-making. In doing so, they have faced various obstacles, including data overload and biases in their conceptualisation, making them inadequately rational. Decision support systems have been used in different forms to overcome the mentioned obstacles. Business intelligence systems are instances of data-driven DSS and refer to a collection of concepts and approaches for enhancing corporate decision-making via the use of fact-based support systems. Often, “business intelligence” software is used to query a database and generate reports. Investigations show that Business Intelligence (BI) dashboards are only used within AECOM for reporting to the client. This study proposes BI and BI dashboards also be used for decision-making. In this research, Business intelligence dashboards were introduced as the successor to the DSS to aid with decision-making difficulties within enterprise facility management. With the objective of determining if the use of BI dashboards in the facility management of filling stations can yield the anticipated advantages. According to the findings of the interviews, the ultimate goal behind decisions is business continuity and growth. Post-experiment surveys show that utilizing a dashboard is only effective if users are educated to make data-driven decisions based on the information supplied. This is known as information relevance, and it is critical for customers to comprehend how the information supplied to them will influence their decisions. Furthermore, the data source must be trustworthy. Also, dashboards could not totally replace site visits in terms of safety. As a result, they may not give the expected value. The dashboard has the benefit of informing clients by providing safety benchmarks, allowing them to detect problematic places and make further decisions. All of the project managers who reviewed the dashboard agreed that it might help reduce the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO). Using business intelligence to make data-driven facility management decisions improves investment decisions. The Other biggest value of using BI dashboards turned out to be time-saving.