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E. Kruisdijk

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10 records found

Reactive transport modelling of push-pull tests

A versatile approach to quantify aquifer reactivity

Journal article - E. Kruisdijk, E. Kruisdijk, B.M. van Breukelen

Push-pull tests (PPTs) were evaluated with 1-D radially axisymmetric multi-component geochemical reactive transport modelling (RTM) to assess aquifer reactivity controlling groundwater quality. Nutrient fate and redox processes were investigated in an Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) system, in which oxic tile drainage water (TDW; nitrate ~14 mg/L; phosphate ~17 mg/L) was stored in an anoxic aquifer for later re-use as irrigation water. During the PPTs, the ASR system did not operate. PPTs were performed in two monitoring wells (MW2, MW3), with 1 m well screens in contrasting geochemical formations at different depths. In these wells, 300 L TDW was injected, and consecutively 720 L was abstracted within 12 days, during which water quality changes were studied. The RTM simulated cation exchange, precipitation of Hydrous Ferric Oxides, Iron (III)-phosphate and Calcium-phosphate minerals, and surface complexation as equilibrium processes. Oxidation of Pyrite, soil organic matter, and dissolved ferrous iron were simulated with kinetic rate expressions. Oxygen (within 2 days) and nitrate (within 4–7 days) were fully reduced during the PPTs. The main reductants were ferrous iron (Monitoring Well (MW) 2: 2%, MW3: 13%), soil organic matter (MW2: 93%, MW3: 6%), and Pyrite (MW2: 5%, MW3: 81%). The intra aquifer differences in dominant reduction pathways are remarkable as higher reduction rates coincided with lower contents of soil organic matter and Pyrite, respectively. Phosphate was mostly re-abstracted (MW2: 73%, MW3: 64%) and partially immobilized due to precipitation of Iron-hydroxyphosphates (MW2: 4.6%, MW3: 35%), Hydroxyapatite (MW2: 23%, MW3: 0%), and to a lesser extent by surface complexation on various minerals (MW2-3: <1%). The PPT-RTM approach enables a better understanding of reaction networks controlling water quality changes, and the reaction kinetics. PPT-RTM is a promising tool in exploratory studies or regular monitoring of water quality aspects of subsurface water technologies.@en

A difficult coexistence

Resolving the iron-induced nitrification delay in groundwater filters

Journal article - F. Corbera Rubio, E. Kruisdijk, S.M. Malheiro, M.L. Leblond, Liselotte Verschoor, Mark C.M. van Loosdrecht, M. Laureni, D. van Halem

Rapid sand filters (RSF) are an established and widely applied technology for the removal of dissolved iron (Fe2+) and ammonium (NH4+) among other contaminants in groundwater treatment. Most often, biological NH4+oxidation is spatially delayed and starts only upon complete Fe2+ d ...

A difficult coexistence

Resolving the iron-induced nitrification delay in groundwater filters

Journal article - F. Corbera Rubio, E. Kruisdijk, S.M. Malheiro, M.L. Leblond, Liselotte Verschoor, Mark C.M. van Loosdrecht, M. Laureni, D. van Halem

A difficult coexistence

Resolving the iron-induced nitrification delay in groundwater filters

Journal article - F. Corbera Rubio, E. Kruisdijk, S.M. Malheiro, M.L. Leblond, Liselotte Verschoor, Mark C.M. van Loosdrecht, M. Laureni, D. van Halem

Re-use of drainage water for agriculture

Fate of agrochemicals and assessment of well clogging during aquifer storage and recovery

Doctoral thesis - E. Kruisdijk

Water scarcity is impacting human society and is intensified in the last decades due to an increase in water consumption and climate change. Agricultural irrigation accounts for about 70% of the total freshwater use worldwide. Sufficient freshwater is often available on an annual ...

Denitrification kinetics during aquifer storage and recovery of drainage water from agricultural land

Journal article - E. Kruisdijk, E. Kruisdijk, R.C.M. Eisfeld, Pieter Jan Stuyfzand, Pieter Jan Stuyfzand, B.M. van Breukelen

An aquifer storage transfer and recovery (ASTR) system was studied in which tile drainage water (TDW) was injected with relatively high NO3 (about 14 mg/L) concentrations originating from fertilizers. Here we present the evolution of denitrification kinetics at 6 different depths in the aquifer before, and during ASTR operation. First-order denitrification rate constants increased over time before and during the first days of ASTR operation, likely due to microbial adaptation of the native bacterial community and/or bioaugmentation of the aquifer by denitrifying bacteria present in injected TDW. Push-pull tests were performed in the native aquifer before ASTR operation. Obtained first-order denitrification rate constants were negligible (0.00–0.03 d−1) at the start, but increased to 0.17–0.83 d−1 after a lag-phase of about 6 days. During the first days of ASTR operation in autumn 2019, the arrival of injected TDW was studied at 2.5 m distance from the injection well. First-order denitrification rate constants increased again over time (maximum >1 d−1). Three storage periods without injection were monitored in winter 2019, fall 2020, and spring 2021 during ASTR operation. First-order rate constants ranged between 0.12 and 0.61 d−1. Denitrification coupled to pyrite oxidation occurred at all depths, but other oxidation processes were indicated as well. NO3 concentration trends resembled Monod kinetics but were fitted also to a first-order decay rate model to facilitate comparison. Rate constants during the storage periods were substantially lower than during injection, probably due to a reduction in the exchange rate between aquifer solid phases and injected water during the stagnant conditions. Denitrification rate constants deviated maximally a factor 5 over time and depth for all in-situ measurement approaches after the lag-phase. The combination of these in-situ approaches enabled to obtain more detailed insights in the evolution of denitrification kinetics during AS(T)R.@en

Removal of bacterial plant pathogens in columns filled with quartz and natural sediments under anoxic and oxygenated conditions

Journal article - R.C.M. Eisfeld, Jack F. Schijven, Jack F. Schijven, Jan M. van der Wolf, G.J. Medema, G.J. Medema, E. Kruisdijk, E. Kruisdijk, B.M. van Breukelen

Irrigation with surface water carrying plant pathogens poses a risk for agriculture. Managed aquifer recharge enhances fresh water availability while simultaneously it may reduce the risk of plant diseases by removal of pathogens during aquifer passage. We compared the transport ...

Degradation of seven pesticides and two metabolites before and during aquifer storage transfer and recovery operation

Journal article - E. Kruisdijk, E. Kruisdijk, Pieter Jan Stuyfzand, Pieter Jan Stuyfzand, B.M. van Breukelen

Degradation of 7 common pesticides (bentazon, boscalid, chloridazon, fluopyram, flutolanil, imidacloprid, and methoxyfenozide) and 2 metabolites of chloridazon (desphenyl-chloridazon, and methyl-desphenyl-chloridazon) was studied in an anoxic and brackish sandy aquifer before and during Aquifer Storage Transfer and Recovery (ASTR) operation. Fresh tile drainage water was injected and stored for later re-use as irrigation water. We hypothesized that electron acceptors (O2, NO3), dissolved organic carbon (∼24.7 mg/L), nutrients (NO3: ∼14.1 mg/L, NH4: ∼0.13 mg/L, PO4: ∼5.2 mg/L), and biodegrading bacteria in tile drainage water could stimulate degradation of the pesticides and metabolites (ranging between 0.013 and 10.8 μg/L) introduced in the aquifer. Pesticide degradation was studied at 6 depths in the aquifer using push-pull tests lasting ±18 days before the onset of ASTR operation. Degradation was too limited to quantify and/or could not be assessed because of the potential occurrence of pesticide retardation. Utilizing push-pull tests to obtain degradation constants should only be considered in future studies for non-retarding pesticides with relative low half-lives (here <20 days). During ASTR operation, pesticide degradation was studied at the same depths during 3 storage periods equally spread over 1.5 years of ASTR operation. Overall, trends of degradation were observed, although with relatively high half-lives of at least 53 days. Microbial adaptation of the aquifer and/or bioaugmentation by the injected biodegrading bacteria did not result in enhanced degradation during consecutive storage periods. Operational monitoring data over longer periods and distances yielded half-lives of at least 141 days. The slow degradation mostly agrees with previous studies. The injected tile drainage water composition did therefore not notably stimulate pesticide degradation. The relatively persistent behavior of the studied pesticides/metabolites implies that ASTR abstracted water will have generally high pesticide concentrations, and non-abstracted water may form a contamination risk for the surrounding native brackish groundwater.@en

Prevention of well clogging during aquifer storage of turbid tile drainage water rich in dissolved organic carbon and nutrients

Journal article - E. Kruisdijk, E. Kruisdijk, Julian F. Ros, D. Ghosh, M. Brehme, Pieter Jan Stuyfzand, Pieter Jan Stuyfzand, B.M. van Breukelen

Well clogging was studied at an aquifer storage transfer and recovery (ASTR) site used to secure freshwater supply for a flower bulb farm. Tile drainage water (TDW) was collected from a 10-ha parcel, stored in a sandy brackish coastal aquifer via well injection in wet periods, an ...

Intra aquifer variations in pesticide sorption during a field injection experiment

Journal article - E. Kruisdijk, E. Kruisdijk, F.E. Zietzschmann, F.E. Zietzschmann, Pieter Jan Stuyfzand, Pieter Jan Stuyfzand, B.M. van Breukelen

A field injection experiment was performed in an anoxic sandy aquifer over 6 days to assess sorption characteristics of 7 commonly applied pesticides in agriculture and 2 frequently detected metabolites. Pesticide use changed considerably in the last decades, and there is insuffi ...

Contributed

2 records found

Investigation of Well Clogging during Managed Aquifer Recharge of Tile Drainage Water

An ASTR Pilot Study

Master thesis - J.F. Ros, B.M. van Breukelen, M. Brehme, Pieter Jan Stuyfzand, E. Kruisdijk

This study addresses the critical aspects of injection well clogging as part of an Aquifer Storage, Transfer and Recovery (ASTR) pilot infiltrating tile drainage water (TDW) from agricultural field into an anoxic brackish sandy aquifer for later re-use as irrigation water for flower bulbs. Two ASTR injection periods suffering from clogging were intensely monitored during several weeks in 2019 to 2020. The wells were rehabilitated by methods of backflushing and mechanical cleaning (high-pressure jetting) and sampled to obtain information on the kind of clogging material. The recharge water is nutrient rich (PO4: 2-18 mgL-1, NO3: 6-50 mgL-1, NH4: 0.1-0.6 mgL-1, DOC: 25-32 mgL-1) and attained significantly turbid conditions (usually between 5-20 NTU; up to 160 NTU) caused by the removal of resuspended biochemical material in the tile drainage network by extreme precipitation and extensive drain discharge events. Consequentially, the 40 µm spin Klin-disc filters as pre-treatment step experienced reduced functionality due to clogging when subjected to high turbid loads. Microbial processes within the ASTR piping system additionally caused fluctuations in turbidity by periodic on/off operation, indicating a high potential for (bio)physical and biological clogging in the injection wells. Microscopic and (hydro)geochemical analysis of injectant and backflushed suspended solids demonstrated a significant contribution of injected Fe-hydroxyapatite flocs and biochemical material incorporating siliceous clay and silt particles below 40 µm, while pyrite and possibly calcite precipitants were flushed from the aquifer matrix when removing suspended matter from the wells. The injection of suspended material caused clogging predominantly by physical mechanisms. During standstill, the hydrochemical environment in the well indicated substantial microbial activity by reduced redox conditions in the well and the mobilization of Fe(II), Mn(II), P, and Ca, indicating the vulnerability for biological clogging. Improving the feasibility of the ASTR system requires the high clogging potential of TDW to be reduced. It is recommended to adopt a settling tank, rapid sand filtration followed by slow sand filtration as pre-treatment steps to reduce the physical and biological clogging potential. Various other recommendations to reduce the clogging risks are discussed further. Regarding the well rehabilitation, methods of compressed-air ‘jutteren’ are recommended to recovery the well performance by effectively removing residual clogging material from the gravelpack and borehole wall.

Groundwater Modelling for Urban Water Management in Gouda, the Netherlands

Master thesis - W. Chen, F.H.M. van de Ven, N.C. van de Giesen, M. Bakker, E. Kruisdijk, Neeltje Goorden, Mark Kramer

In 2014, a project, Living Lab Land Subsidence, is established to find a sustainable solution for land subsidence problem in Gouda. Being a part of the project, this research focuses on building a high-resolution groundwater model (2m*2m) by describing the model (such as recharge ...