Nature-based solutions (NbS) are central to urban resilience efforts, offering climate adaptation benefits alongside social and well-being co-benefits. However, without systematic consideration of socio-spatial factors, NbS implementation may reinforce existing inequalities. This paper adopts a justice-oriented approach to support equitable NbS planning, using Cape Town, South Africa, as a case study. We develop a spatial decision-support framework that integrates ecosystem service demand, social vulnerability, and environmental risk to prioritize NbS types and locations. Results help identify both areas with the greatest need for NbS interventions and the types of NbS most suitable for those areas.

Nature-based solutions (NbS) are increasingly being used around the globe as a climate action tool. In the Global South, which faces significant climate risks, higher urbanisation rates emphasise the importance of climate justice. While social valuations and interactions with nature-based solutions have been well researched, the relationships between nature-based solutions and social vulnerability to climate change remain difficult to capture. Furthermore, there exist little support for decision-makers to integrate social vulnerability into NbS planning. In this thesis, a social vulnerability framework to determine ecosystem service demand is presented using principal component analysis (PCA), and used with an NbS matching model to determine the types and locations of NbS to be prioritised, applied to a case study of Cape Town, South Africa. The presented framework allows for leveraging openly available quantitative data sets and incorporating different risk factors, while depending on expert interviews to contextualise the model and emphasize its limitations. Three potential policy considerations are recommended for the city of Cape Town to facilitate climate just NbS implementation: cooperation with conservation, potential for climate adaptation and justice, and the importance of community involvement. Using this method of prioritisation and selection, decision-makers of the city of Cape Town can incorporate climate justice into its urban planning for NbS, while taking consideration of the framework limitations and restrictions.