Urban freight logistics currently has to deal with multiple unsustainabilites. Physical Internet characteristics can be promising to make urban freight logistics more sustainable. It was researched if this can be the case and, what opportunities and barriers there are belonging to this change. With Q-methodology different stakeholder perspectives were revealed. This resulted in four different perspectives from which three had a positive attitude towards PI characteristics. One perspective was more moderate in relation to this and stated that a lot is possible already without changes happening. Opportunities and barriers are defined and it was concluded that there is currently no real need to change. Because an increase of national coordinated regulation was also assessed positively a policy framework was created that states individual and collaborative actions for stakeholders. With this 'an environment where efficiency pays off' should be created.

Due to a global increase in food consumption and shipping, and regional developments like exploitation of the Vaca Muerta oil field, the port of Bahía Blanca in Argentina sees an opportunity to increase its activities. Therefore, a new container terminal will be constructed in the port of Bahía Blanca that can handle 500,000 TEU per year. This terminal is expected to be competitive to the container terminals in the port of Buenos Aires, which currently are Argentina’s market leaders in container handling. In addition, a shorter entry channel and deeper draft makes the port of Bahía Blanca more attractive than the port of Buenos Aires. Currently, it is unknown whether an increase in container throughput can be attracted from industries in the province of Buenos Aires. This province extends from Buenos Aires to Bahía Blanca, 650 km south of Buenos Aires. Next to that, it followed from qualitative interview sessions that all freight transport in the province is done by truck. As a result, roads are heavily congested during harvest season and for this reason container transport by train is preferred. Other reasons for choosing train as transport modality are the competitive location within the rail network of the port of Bahía Blanca and sustainable character of rail transport.