The transportation industry is a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions, with freight transport emerging as one of the main contributors owing to its extensive mileage and substantial weight. As a result, electrification of road transportation has become a vital step in reducing direct CO₂ emissions. While the adoption of passenger electric vehicles has gained notable traction, the landscape for Heavy-Duty Electric Vehicles (HDEVs) is still in its early stages of development. Accelerating the advancement and adoption of HDEVs hinges on prioritizing the installation of their charging infrastructure. This requires a deep understanding of HDEVs' energy and power requirements while also considering grid limitations. Meeting the high demand for charging necessitates exploring on-site renewable energy generation and stationary batteries as viable solutions. Recognizing this imperative, a multiobjective sizing model has been developed, tailored specifically to address the requirements of HDEV charging stations. These objectives include minimizing investment costs, penalizing undercharged or rejected HDEVs' charging demand, reducing idle charger time, and managing expenditures within a charging station. The key outcomes of the model encompass various critical factors essential for designing and implementing charging infrastructure for HDEVs. These factors include determining the optimal number of PV panels and wind turbines to harness renewable energy, specifying the capacity of the battery energy storage system, and identifying the necessary number and rated power of chargers in alignment with the grid contract limit.

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Rapid growth in the electrification of bus fleets, driven by substantial environmental benefits, is facing challenges such as range anxiety, prolonged charging durations, and reduced flexibility compared to combustion engine buses. This study first conducts a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of diverse publications to identify key research trends in electric buses (E-buses). It then offers a thorough comparison of charging technologies, encompassing topologies, power flow capabilities, costs, grid impacts, and efficiency, along with an examination of existing standards, norms, and challenges. With a classification of nearly 150 references, the study aims to illuminate the strengths and weaknesses of each charging technology, providing a solid background for selecting optimal topologies and strategies for specific applications. Emphasizing the importance of a nuanced trade-off between the quantity and type of chargers and E-bus battery capacity in each scenario, the research goes beyond technical considerations to explore potential future trends in the field. The information gathered in this review is a helpful guide for policymakers, industry experts, and researchers dealing with the complexities of E-bus charging infrastructure.@en