The transportation sector significantly impacts the environment, contributing to 29.4% of the European Union’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2021. International efforts have been made to mitigate this impact, such as the implementation of the European Green Deal, aiming for a 90% reduction in transport-related emissions by 2050. Despite these efforts, long-distance travel, particularly by air and road, continues to contribute heavily to GHG emissions, driven by less sustainable modes like planes and cars. Rail transport, though a more sustainable option, remains underutilized, accounting for a small share of long-distance travel in Europe. Transfers in railway journeys have been identified as a major barrier to the wider adoption of rail travel. These transfers can increase travel time, induce stress, and reduce comfort, making rail less attractive compared to other modes. This study seeks to understand how railway transfers affect traveller behaviour and mode choice in long-distance leisure travel across Europe...