The shift towards environmentally friendly and efficient electric bus transportation systems oftentimes raises unexpected operational issues. This study models the Electric Bus Charging Station Location Problem (EB-CSLP) to develop a more resilient charging infrastructure, focusing on time-related and energy consumption uncertainties, specifically inter-station travel time delays. The model accommodates various charger types and maintains time continuity in the charging of electric buses. Initially formulated as a mixed-integer nonlinear program (MINLP), our stochastic optimization model is reformulated into a mixed-integer linear program (MILP) which minimizes both deadheading times and queue waiting times at the charging locations. The stochastic optimization model is tested in a real-world case study in Athens, Greece, considering multiple scenarios with varying inter-station travel times and energy consumption. The results demonstrate its effectiveness as a potential decision-support tool for selecting the optimal charger types and charging station locations under travel time and energy-related uncertainties.

The matching radius, defined as the maximum pick-up distance within which waiting riders and idle drivers can be matched, is a critical variable in ride-hailing systems. Optimizing the matching radius can significantly enhance system performance, but determining its optimal value is challenging due to the dynamic nature of ride-hailing environments. The matching radius should adapt to spatial and temporal variations, as well as to real-time fluctuations in supply and demand. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a dual-reply-buffer deep reinforcement learning method for dynamic matching radius optimization. By modeling the matching radius optimization problem as a Markov decision process, the method trains a policy network to adaptively adjust the matching radius in response to changing conditions in the ride-hailing system, thereby improving efficiency and service quality. We validate our method using real-world ride-hailing data from Austin, Texas. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms baseline approaches, achieving higher matching rates, shorter average pick-up distances, and better driver utilization across different scenarios.

Railway systems suffer from disturbances in operations, such as extended section running times caused by temporary speed restrictions and prolonged dwell times at stations due to unexpected passenger volumes. These disturbances cause deviations from the original timetable and negatively impact service reliability and passenger experience. Effective and timely rescheduling measures are crucial in reducing the impact of these disturbances. Existing timetable rescheduling models that rely on optimization-based methods often struggle with computational inefficiency, especially when dealing with scenarios involving a large number of train services. To address these challenges, we propose a learning-based timetable rescheduling framework that considers scalability in its formulation to reduce the growing computational burden associated with an increasing number of train services. The proposed framework decomposes the complex rescheduling problem into multiple subtasks, facilitating a systematic approach to managing extensive railway networks with numerous stations and train services. A high-level agent, functioning as a centralized traffic controller, is responsible for decomposing the overall deviation reduction task into subtasks at a low level and assigning them to individual train services with the primary objective of minimizing the time required to restore the original timetable. Low-level agents, acting as distributed train dispatchers, are tasked with rescheduling the timetables of their assigned trains. These low-level agents employ various dispatching strategies, facilitated by inter-train communication, to search for optimal rescheduling solutions while adhering to operational constraints such as minimum headway requirements. The lowlevel agents utilize an actor-critic architecture to generate continuous control decisions for dwell and running times, enabling them to learn and optimize their performance. Knowledge-sharing mechanisms amongst the low-level agents enable faster and more robust learning. Furthermore, advanced exploration methods are integrated to enhance the efficiency of the agents' training process.

Ride-hailing has become an important part of the urban mobility landscape. The main contribution of this study is to estimate how travellers perceive time when using ride-hailing compared to using conventional public transport, to better understand ride-hailing mode choice. We combine two unique datasets containing actual, individual passenger behaviour for the Washington DC area from October 2018: a large set of almost 250,000 individual ride-hailing trips made using Uber, and more than 326,000 public transport trips obtained from automated ticketing data. Contrary to previous studies our model estimations rely on over half a million directly observed passenger choices between ride-hailing and public transport, based on which we estimate a discrete choice model to infer travel time perceptions for both modes using a binomial logit model. Our results show that on average ride-hailing in-vehicle time is perceived 35% less negative than public transport in-vehicle time. We also found that waiting time for ride-hailing is valued 1.3 times more negative than ride-hailing in-vehicle time, which is about 20% less negative than the ratio between waiting and in-vehicle time found for public transport. Our study enables a more accurate modelling of ride-hailing by using mode-specific travel time coefficients derived from large-scale empirical data, which can improve the accuracy of modelling outputs and thus improve decision-making processes.

Bert van Wee, professor in Transport Policy at Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands, faculty Technology, Policy and Management, is retiring. Given his large contributions to EJTIR as Editor-in-Chief, editorial board member, author and reviewer, this Editorial Note is dedicated to his work for EJTIR. Over 25 years, van Wee published 18 papers and 1 book review in EJTIR covering a wide range of topics from road pricing to urban rail transport, vehicle automation and port throughput. What his studies have in common is that they explore how transport policies affect land-use and travel behaviour, as well as the economic and wider societal impacts of those policies. Bert van Wee’s generalist view on the transport system is rare, but, given the rising complexity of the system, increasingly needed to indeed be able to address the future challenges.

Short-haul Flight (SHF) bans aim to stimulate the air-to-rail modal shift, consequently curbing the aviation sector's environmental impact. We investigate the potential implications of various SHF ban policy designs on CO2-equivalent (CO2e) emissions, passengers’ travel times and rail capacity under the assumption of full air-to-rail modal substitution. Ranging from 0.4 Mt to 7.5 Mt CO2e, respectively 0.6% to 12.3% of the emissions of commercial intra-European aviation, the environmental impact of SHF ban policies is shown to be largely dependent on the policy design, namely the affected journey types and rail in-vehicle time thresholds. Our findings underscore the significant challenges of implementing such policies for the longer rail in-vehicle time thresholds and wider geographical scopes associated with noticeable environmental benefits. Despite the marginal impact of SHF ban policies on capacity utilisation in the case study, considerable interventions on rail infrastructure would be required to absorb existing air demand completely while ensuring attractive schedules. The results contribute to the ongoing policy debate, providing actionable insights to support Europe's ambitious environmental goals in the transport sector.

To facilitate the shift from conventional to electric buses, the required charging infrastructure must be deployed. This study models the charging station location selection problem for fixed-line public transport services consisting of electric buses. The model considers the deadheading time of electric buses between the final stop of their trip and the locations of the potential charging stations with the objective of minimizing vehicle running costs. The problem is solved at a strategic level; therefore, several parameters of day-to-day operations, such as deadheading distances, are included as aggregate data considering their average values. In addition, it considers different charger types (slow and fast), which are subject to a day-ahead scheduling of the charging sessions of the buses. The developed model is a mixed-integer nonlinear program, which is reformulated as a mixed-integer linear program and can be solved efficiently for large networks with more than 1940 bus trips and 336 charging installation options. The model is applied in the Athens metropolitan area, demonstrating its potential as a decision support tool for selecting charging station locations and charger types in large public transport networks.

Shared on-demand mobility services, also known as microtransit, have become a major mobility provider around the world, yet this has predominantly taken place within urban areas. In areas with lower population density and poor quality public transport, such services could substantially improve accessibility. In early 2023, a regional microtransit pilot was carried out in the Ljubljana Urban Region in Slovenia. To assess the preferences towards such a service, a stated preference experiment is carried out among pilot participants, comparing car, public transport and microtransit for their daily commute. The obtained data is modelled using a Panel mixed logit model, with random parameters modelled as normally or log-normally distributed. Additionally, we also model for potential nesting effects among the alternatives. The results show participants perceive microtransit as a viable alternative, with public transport commuters finding it particularly attractive, whereas car commuters see it on par with the car. Parking price and a guaranteed parking spot tended to be key factors for decision-making. Simulating different policies, we conclude that combining subsidising microtransit and higher parking prices is the most effective strategy for achieving a modal shift primarily from car to microtransit while not affecting public transport as much.

To understand why ridesourcing markets may be prone to evolve towards potentially socially undesirable equilibrium states, we conceptualize the network effects present in ridesourcing provision. In addition, we propose an agent-based model that allows simulating the effect of market conditions and platform strategies on system performance, accounting for such network effects. This day-to-day model captures sequential decentralized processes characterizing both sides of the two-sided ridesourcing market, i.e. information diffusion, platform registration, platform participation, and learning based on experience. We apply the model on a case representing Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Our simulation results suggest that a profit-maximizing ridesourcing platform may trade-off market transaction volume for higher earnings on successful transactions, a strategy that is harmful to the interests of travellers and drivers, and possibly of (very) limited benefit to the platform. Moreover, we find that ridesourcing operations may be viable even when potential supply and demand in an area are limited.

This dataset contains the outputs of the paper "Replacing short-haul flights with train travel: Exploring impacts, capacity requirements and policy implications", published in Transport Policy. The paper investigates the potential implications of various SHF ban policy designs on CO2-equivalent emissions, passengers’ travel times and rail capacity, under the assumption of full air-to-rail modal substitution. The datasets are published to substantiate paper results and for use by other researchers. The data made available in this repository refers to travel time and emissions assessments, including some inputs and the aggregated outputs. Due to the limitations agreed upon with the data provider, the input data is not complete. The input data has been collected from multiple sources, including OAG, Rome2Rio and Google Distance Matrix API, and has been cleaned and processed using Python. More information is available in the README.txt file and the paper referenced below.

As a two-sided digital platform, ride-sourcing has disruptively penetrated the mobility market. Ride-sourcing companies provide door-to-door transport services by connecting passengers with independent service suppliers labelled as “driver-partners”. Once a passenger submits a ride request, the platform attempts to match the request with a nearby available driver. Drivers have the freedom to accept or decline ride requests. The consequences of this decision, which is made at the operation level, have remained largely unknown in the literature. Using agent-based simulation modelling on the realistic case study of the city of Amsterdam, the Netherlands, we study the impacts of drivers’ ride acceptance behaviour, estimated from unique empirical data, on the ride-sourcing system where the platform applies regular and surge pricing strategies, and riders may revoke their requests and reject the received offers. Furthermore, we delve into the implications of various supply–demand intensities, a centralised fleet (i.e., mandatory acceptance on each ride request) versus a decentralised fleet (i.e., ride acceptance decision by each driver), ride acceptance rates, and surge pricing settings. We find that the ride acceptance decision of ride-sourcing drivers has far-reaching consequences for system performance in terms of passengers’ waiting time, driver's revenue, operating costs, and profit, all of which are highly dependent on the ratio between demand and supply. As the system undergoes a transition from undersupplied (i.e., real-time demand locally exceeds available drivers) to balanced and then oversupplied state (i.e., more available drivers than real-time demand), ride acceptance decisions result in higher income inequality. A high acceptance rate among drivers may lead to more rides, but it does not necessarily increase their profit. Surge pricing is found to be asymmetrically in favour of all the parties despite adverse effects on the demand side due to higher trip fare. This study offers insights into both the aggregated and disaggregated levels of ride-sourcing system operations and outlines a series of transport policy and practice implications in cities that offer such ride-sourcing systems.

On-board crowding in public transportation has significant impact on passengers' travel experience. New land-use planning configurations can have wide-ranging crowding effects in the public transportation system. Nevertheless, there is a lack of knowledge on the crowding implications caused by new urban developments. In this study, we propose a method for quantifying the network-wide crowding implications of a new urban development. We apply the method to different kinds of urban developments in terms of type, size, location, proximity to high-capacity public transportation connections as well as socioeconomic characteristics. Size and proximity to a high-capacity connection are highly influential factors in determining the value and the geographical extent of the crowding implications. The analysis proposed in this paper can serve as a tool for the ex-post quantification of the on-board crowding impacts using automated data sources. The insights gained can be utilized in more efficient dimensioning of the supply (service) for newly developed areas as well as for placement of future urban developments accounting for the resulting crowding effects.

We investigate the correspondence between network-based public transport network (PTN) supply indicators and passenger demand at the node level, by systematically assessing correlations between node centrality measures and passenger boarding counts across different graph representations of PTNs. At the stop-level, undirected L- and P-space representations with three different edge weightings: unweighted, service-frequency-weighted, and in-vehicle-time-weighted are analysed. In each case, we calculate degree, closeness, betweenness and eigenvector centralities and examine the relation shapes. At the route level, we examine degree and eigenvector centrality for unweighted and weighted C-space representations. We introduce a modified C-space representation with self-loops, with service frequencies as self-loop weights, and propose eigenvector centrality as a route-level supply indicator. Stop- and route-level properties are integrated using the B-space representation. This methodology was applied to a case study for a bus PTN in Ljubljana, Slovenia. Results show strong correspondence between passenger demand and degree and eigenvector centrality scores in the frequency-weighted P-space (correlation ≈0.7−0.8). Notably, the relationship between eigenvector centrality and passenger counts in the new C-space representation with self-loops exhibits logarithmic behaviour. Furthermore, the results suggest a minimum eigenvector centrality threshold (≈10⁻³) for a route to start facilitating passenger use. The route-level results from the B-space analysis show exponential convergence of passenger counts to route eigenvector centrality. Results of the stop-level analysis are in line with previous research and deepen the understanding of centrality measures as supply indicators. Most significantly, the route-level analysis is novel, and the results open promising venues for further research.

As concerns about climate change increase, the environmental impact of long-distance travel – including academic conference travel – is coming into focus. Multiple universities have recently started to deploy sustainability policies committed to net-zero targets. However, it remains uncertain today whether academics are ready to embrace such initiatives and transform their practices for the sake of the environment. In this study, we explore the motivational factors behind academics’ willingness to limit their conference travel based on a survey conducted in Spain. The results highlight the role played by a set of demographic, socioeconomic, work-related, and attitudinal factors, as estimated by means of an ordered logit model. All else being equal, postdoctoral researchers and individuals who live in single-person households are more likely than others to reduce their travel. In terms of psychological attributes, we detect that individuals with a higher level of green values and more influenced by social norms are more intended to limit their conference trips. Conversely, those who believe that conferences are a driver for professional development are less willing to lower their travel. Our findings can help institutions to identify the segments of academics with a higher (and lower) probability of changing their behaviour towards more sustainable habits.

This study proposes three mathematical programming models with distinct optimization objectives for transfer optimization in a bi-modal public transport network. To improve the applicability of the models and expedite the solution process, some acceleration techniques, including eliminating redundant constraints and incorporating valid inequalities, are suggested. The models and solution methods are applied to a small toy network and a real-life bi-modal public transport network. The results indicate that compared to the third model, the second model can reduce the total transfer waiting time by 12.29% to 30.31%, while the longest transfer waiting time may increase by 4.35% to 22.22%. Furthermore, the third model, which prioritizes minimizing the longest transfer waiting time, may increase the total or average transfer waiting time. The results suggest that decision-makers need to make a trade-off between reducing total passenger transfer waiting time (for efficiency) and reducing the longest passenger transfer waiting time (for fairness). .

The emergence of social media offers unprecedented opportunities to map social unrest with high spatiotemporal resolution. This study leverages geolocated social media footage to analyze the spatiotemporal distribution of the 2023 ‘Nahel Merzouk’ riots in France. Using a fine-tuned computer vision model, we detect riot-related content in visual data and validate our approach by comparing the spatiotemporal patterns of detected posts with rioting events reported in the press. Our method yields a spatial resolution of 300 300 m, thereby facilitating a detailed analysis of riot distributions at unprecedented scale. By applying density-based clustering, we map riots across seven French cities, revealing their highly localized and bursty dynamics. This study opens pathways for future research on the causes and dynamics of social unrest, enabling a deeper understanding of urban riots and their potential mitigation.

The shift from private vehicles to public and shared transport is crucial to reducing emissions and meeting climate targets. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop a multi-modal transport trip planning approach that integrates public transport and shared mobility solutions, offering viable alternatives to private vehicle use. To this end, we propose a preference-based optimization framework for multi-modal trip planning with public transport, ride-pooling services, and shared micro-mobility fleets. We introduce a mixed-integer programming model that incorporates preferences into the objective function of the mathematical model. We present a meta-heuristic framework that incorporates a customized Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search algorithm and other tailored algorithms, to effectively manage dynamic requests through a rolling horizon approach. Numerical experiments are conducted using real transport network data in a suburban area of Rotterdam The Netherlands Model application results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can efficiently obtain near-optimal solutions. Managerial insights are gained from comprehensive experiments that consider various passenger segments, costs of micro-mobility vehicles, and availability fluctuation of shared mobility.

Limited available market share data seems to suggest that ridesourcing platforms benefit from, even thrive on, socio-economic inequality. We suspect that this is associated with high levels of socio-economic inequality allowing for cheap labour as well as increasing the share of travellers with a considerably above-average willingness to pay for travel time savings and comfort. We test the relation between inequality and system performance by means of an agent-based simulation model representing within-day and day-to-day supply-demand interaction in the ridesourcing market. The model captures travellers’ mode choice with a heterogeneous perception of relevant time components, as well as job seekers’ participation choice with heterogeneous reservation wage. Our experiments cover scenarios for the entire spectrum ranging from perfect equality to extreme inequality. For several of such scenarios, we explore alternative platform pricing strategies. Our analysis shows a strong, positive relationship between socio-economic inequality and ridesourcing market share. This is the outcome of the combination of cheap labour and time-sensitive ridesourcing users, reinforced by network effects inherent to ridesourcing markets. We find that driver earnings are minimal in urban areas with large socio-economic inequality. In such contexts, drivers are likely to face a high platform commission, and yet, fierce competition for passengers.

There is an urgent need to devise policy instruments that will reduce GHG emissions to a sufficient extent in order to achieve the climate targets. Approximately 16% of all greenhouse gas emissions are generated by long-distance travel. Our objective is to estimate the impact of a Tradeable Mobility Credit (TMC) scheme − where the total emissions are fixed by design whereas the price is the outcome of travelers’ choices − will have on modal split and trip cancellation for long-distance leisure travel in Europe. To this end, we develop a market equilibrium model which accounts for travel and trading decisions. For our case study consisting of a travel demand of more than 300 million trips performed annually between 3,000 city-pair connections, the credit price that emerges in the market equilibrium state is 272€ per ton of CO2 under an emission reduction target of 30%. Due to the TMC, overall long-distance leisure travel demand is reduced by 20% and the share of air among the remaining trips decreases from 50 to 42% whereas the market share of rail increases from 23 to 26%. Modal shifts and trip cancellation rates vary greatly amongst OD-pair connections, depending on the local value-of-time and the extent of modal competition for the respective connection. Our findings contribute to the on-going debate surrounding instruments for stimulating sustainable (im)mobility, in particular in the context of the long-distance travel market.