Understanding multi-modal urban mobility patterns is essential for effective planning and policy-making. Traditional data sources, such as infrequent surveys or smart card records, often lack the temporal, spatial, and modal comprehensiveness required to fully capture the complexity of multi-modal travel behavior. Emerging mobility data sources are instrumental in capturing these patterns and in enabling additional insights. This study leverages a digitally collected trajectory-level dataset (i.e., TravelSense) obtained from a smartphone application operated by the public transport authority of Helsinki, Finland. Unlike conventional public transport data, TravelSense provides insights into modal choices alongside temporal and spatial travel characteristics. In order to analyze mobility patterns and explore the capabilities of this novel dateset, a Latent Profile Analysis is employed to classify travelers based on these attributes over a week-long period, with profiles compared across three consecutive years (2022, 2023, and 2024). Findings reveal that while spatial travel patterns remain relatively stable, temporal and modal patterns exhibit greater variability. A distinct shift is observed between 2022 and subsequent years, likely reflecting post-pandemic behavioral changes. Key traveler groups identified include exclusive active mode users (13 % annually) and non-private car users, whose share declined from 38 % in 2022 to approximately 20 % in 2023 and 2024. Study findings offer valuable input for shaping evidence-based mobility policies, particularly those aiming to support sustainable travel behavior and adapt to evolving urban mobility needs through enhanced multi-modality. TravelSense enables detailed analysis of temporal, spatial, and modal travel patterns, underscoring the value of novel data for multi-modal transport research.

Providing relevant information is crucial in public transport systems. With the rise of digital passenger information systems (PIS), personalization has emerged as a means to meet passengers’ information needs better. To better understand how personalization can be implemented in PIS, five levels of personalization have been identified in the literature, highlighting varying degrees of system autonomy and passenger involvement. While these levels have advanced the understanding of personalization, their practical application remains limited. This paper builds upon an existing framework of personalization levels. It introduces an evaluation tool composed of distinct performance measures to help PIS developers assess their system’s current personalization level and identify opportunities for technological advancement. The tool enables a comparison of the personalization functionalities against the best practices defined by the personalization levels. The paper further outlines the creation of the tool through functional benchmarking, introduces system behaviors across levels, and evaluates commercial PIS through case studies, offering actionable insights for advancing PIS personalization.

On-board crowding in public transportation has significant impact on passengers' travel experience. New land-use planning configurations can have wide-ranging crowding effects in the public transportation system. Nevertheless, there is a lack of knowledge on the crowding implications caused by new urban developments. In this study, we propose a method for quantifying the network-wide crowding implications of a new urban development. We apply the method to different kinds of urban developments in terms of type, size, location, proximity to high-capacity public transportation connections as well as socioeconomic characteristics. Size and proximity to a high-capacity connection are highly influential factors in determining the value and the geographical extent of the crowding implications. The analysis proposed in this paper can serve as a tool for the ex-post quantification of the on-board crowding impacts using automated data sources. The insights gained can be utilized in more efficient dimensioning of the supply (service) for newly developed areas as well as for placement of future urban developments accounting for the resulting crowding effects.

This dataset contains the outputs of the paper "Replacing short-haul flights with train travel: Exploring impacts, capacity requirements and policy implications", published in Transport Policy. The paper investigates the potential implications of various SHF ban policy designs on CO2-equivalent emissions, passengers’ travel times and rail capacity, under the assumption of full air-to-rail modal substitution. The datasets are published to substantiate paper results and for use by other researchers. The data made available in this repository refers to travel time and emissions assessments, including some inputs and the aggregated outputs. Due to the limitations agreed upon with the data provider, the input data is not complete. The input data has been collected from multiple sources, including OAG, Rome2Rio and Google Distance Matrix API, and has been cleaned and processed using Python. More information is available in the README.txt file and the paper referenced below.

The shift from private vehicles to public and shared transport is crucial to reducing emissions and meeting climate targets. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop a multi-modal transport trip planning approach that integrates public transport and shared mobility solutions, offering viable alternatives to private vehicle use. To this end, we propose a preference-based optimization framework for multi-modal trip planning with public transport, ride-pooling services, and shared micro-mobility fleets. We introduce a mixed-integer programming model that incorporates preferences into the objective function of the mathematical model. We present a meta-heuristic framework that incorporates a customized Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search algorithm and other tailored algorithms, to effectively manage dynamic requests through a rolling horizon approach. Numerical experiments are conducted using real transport network data in a suburban area of Rotterdam The Netherlands Model application results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can efficiently obtain near-optimal solutions. Managerial insights are gained from comprehensive experiments that consider various passenger segments, costs of micro-mobility vehicles, and availability fluctuation of shared mobility.

Recent advances in battery technologies and a global push for greener transport have accelerated the development of electrified public transportation systems. Such systems often face challenges due to the need for large battery capacities and the high costs associated with conventional charging infrastructure. This study examines the potential of Mobile Autonomous Charging Pods (MAPs), which are autonomous charging vehicles, as an innovative solution to enhance both the efficiency and costeffectiveness of electric bus operations in urban environments. Using the case of inner-city trunk bus lines in Stockholm and employing a microscopic simulation-based study, three charging scenarios are evaluated: depot charging only, depot combined with end-station charging, and depot plus MAP charging. The results indicate that the integration of MAPs can significantly reduce the required battery capacities and associated infrastructure costs while enhancing the reliability of the service. By facilitating dynamic, on-the-go charging, MAPs offer a sustainable and economically viable alternative for urban electric bus networks.

Railway systems suffer from disturbances in operations, such as extended section running times caused by temporary speed restrictions and prolonged dwell times at stations due to unexpected passenger volumes. These disturbances cause deviations from the original timetable and negatively impact service reliability and passenger experience. Effective and timely rescheduling measures are crucial in reducing the impact of these disturbances. Existing timetable rescheduling models that rely on optimization-based methods often struggle with computational inefficiency, especially when dealing with scenarios involving a large number of train services. To address these challenges, we propose a learning-based timetable rescheduling framework that considers scalability in its formulation to reduce the growing computational burden associated with an increasing number of train services. The proposed framework decomposes the complex rescheduling problem into multiple subtasks, facilitating a systematic approach to managing extensive railway networks with numerous stations and train services. A high-level agent, functioning as a centralized traffic controller, is responsible for decomposing the overall deviation reduction task into subtasks at a low level and assigning them to individual train services with the primary objective of minimizing the time required to restore the original timetable. Low-level agents, acting as distributed train dispatchers, are tasked with rescheduling the timetables of their assigned trains. These low-level agents employ various dispatching strategies, facilitated by inter-train communication, to search for optimal rescheduling solutions while adhering to operational constraints such as minimum headway requirements. The lowlevel agents utilize an actor-critic architecture to generate continuous control decisions for dwell and running times, enabling them to learn and optimize their performance. Knowledge-sharing mechanisms amongst the low-level agents enable faster and more robust learning. Furthermore, advanced exploration methods are integrated to enhance the efficiency of the agents' training process.

Metro networks face operational challenges due to increasing ridership and system growth, particularly in managing delay propagation. Epidemiology models have recently been an interesting method in transportation research for studying delays. This study, therefore, aims to investigate if the Susceptible-infectious-susceptible (SIS) model is suitable to help model delay propagation in a metro network through its ability to reproduce the vulnerability of metro stations for specific instances. Using data from the Washington Metro Network, two groups of delay propagation instances were selected and used for model training and testing using a differential evolution algorithm. The results indicate that the vulnerability values as calculated from the reallife data do not follow the expected trend. Still, our model can capture this variation with good vulnerability estimation accuracy for both groups. Also, the predicted vulnerability values for the first group are more accurate than for the second group. However, limitations such as underestimation and overestimation of station vulnerabilities, and sensitivity to training data were observed. These challenges stemmed from the dynamics between specific parameters and the lack of additional factors.

As a two-sided digital platform, ride-sourcing has disruptively penetrated the mobility market. Ride-sourcing companies provide door-to-door transport services by connecting passengers with independent service suppliers labelled as “driver-partners”. Once a passenger submits a ride request, the platform attempts to match the request with a nearby available driver. Drivers have the freedom to accept or decline ride requests. The consequences of this decision, which is made at the operation level, have remained largely unknown in the literature. Using agent-based simulation modelling on the realistic case study of the city of Amsterdam, the Netherlands, we study the impacts of drivers’ ride acceptance behaviour, estimated from unique empirical data, on the ride-sourcing system where the platform applies regular and surge pricing strategies, and riders may revoke their requests and reject the received offers. Furthermore, we delve into the implications of various supply–demand intensities, a centralised fleet (i.e., mandatory acceptance on each ride request) versus a decentralised fleet (i.e., ride acceptance decision by each driver), ride acceptance rates, and surge pricing settings. We find that the ride acceptance decision of ride-sourcing drivers has far-reaching consequences for system performance in terms of passengers’ waiting time, driver's revenue, operating costs, and profit, all of which are highly dependent on the ratio between demand and supply. As the system undergoes a transition from undersupplied (i.e., real-time demand locally exceeds available drivers) to balanced and then oversupplied state (i.e., more available drivers than real-time demand), ride acceptance decisions result in higher income inequality. A high acceptance rate among drivers may lead to more rides, but it does not necessarily increase their profit. Surge pricing is found to be asymmetrically in favour of all the parties despite adverse effects on the demand side due to higher trip fare. This study offers insights into both the aggregated and disaggregated levels of ride-sourcing system operations and outlines a series of transport policy and practice implications in cities that offer such ride-sourcing systems.

Modular vehicles (MVs), equipped with autonomous driving, communication, and platooning capabilities, are emerging as a promising innovation in transportation, offering the potential to enhance operational efficiency, flexibility, and environmental sustainability. However, challenges and barriers to their successful implementation are not yet fully understood, which limits the realization of these benefits. This literature review synthesizes existing research on MVs across various applications, including passenger and freight transport, to provide a systematic evaluation of state-of-art, opportunities and challenges for modular freight transport systems. The review identifies research gaps in five areas, such as their integration with multimodal transportation, and highlights key deployment challenges including regulatory hurdles, human factors, financial constraints, and operational complexities. Our findings emphasize the need for policy development, system design research and further empirical validation to assess the practical feasibility and impacts of MVs in the freight transport sector.

Shared on-demand mobility services, also known as microtransit, have become a major mobility provider around the world, yet this has predominantly taken place within urban areas. In areas with lower population density and poor quality public transport, such services could substantially improve accessibility. In early 2023, a regional microtransit pilot was carried out in the Ljubljana Urban Region in Slovenia. To assess the preferences towards such a service, a stated preference experiment is carried out among pilot participants, comparing car, public transport and microtransit for their daily commute. The obtained data is modelled using a Panel mixed logit model, with random parameters modelled as normally or log-normally distributed. Additionally, we also model for potential nesting effects among the alternatives. The results show participants perceive microtransit as a viable alternative, with public transport commuters finding it particularly attractive, whereas car commuters see it on par with the car. Parking price and a guaranteed parking spot tended to be key factors for decision-making. Simulating different policies, we conclude that combining subsidising microtransit and higher parking prices is the most effective strategy for achieving a modal shift primarily from car to microtransit while not affecting public transport as much.

Bert van Wee, professor in Transport Policy at Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands, faculty Technology, Policy and Management, is retiring. Given his large contributions to EJTIR as Editor-in-Chief, editorial board member, author and reviewer, this Editorial Note is dedicated to his work for EJTIR. Over 25 years, van Wee published 18 papers and 1 book review in EJTIR covering a wide range of topics from road pricing to urban rail transport, vehicle automation and port throughput. What his studies have in common is that they explore how transport policies affect land-use and travel behaviour, as well as the economic and wider societal impacts of those policies. Bert van Wee’s generalist view on the transport system is rare, but, given the rising complexity of the system, increasingly needed to indeed be able to address the future challenges.

As concerns about climate change increase, the environmental impact of long-distance travel – including academic conference travel – is coming into focus. Multiple universities have recently started to deploy sustainability policies committed to net-zero targets. However, it remains uncertain today whether academics are ready to embrace such initiatives and transform their practices for the sake of the environment. In this study, we explore the motivational factors behind academics’ willingness to limit their conference travel based on a survey conducted in Spain. The results highlight the role played by a set of demographic, socioeconomic, work-related, and attitudinal factors, as estimated by means of an ordered logit model. All else being equal, postdoctoral researchers and individuals who live in single-person households are more likely than others to reduce their travel. In terms of psychological attributes, we detect that individuals with a higher level of green values and more influenced by social norms are more intended to limit their conference trips. Conversely, those who believe that conferences are a driver for professional development are less willing to lower their travel. Our findings can help institutions to identify the segments of academics with a higher (and lower) probability of changing their behaviour towards more sustainable habits.

To understand why ridesourcing markets may be prone to evolve towards potentially socially undesirable equilibrium states, we conceptualize the network effects present in ridesourcing provision. In addition, we propose an agent-based model that allows simulating the effect of market conditions and platform strategies on system performance, accounting for such network effects. This day-to-day model captures sequential decentralized processes characterizing both sides of the two-sided ridesourcing market, i.e. information diffusion, platform registration, platform participation, and learning based on experience. We apply the model on a case representing Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Our simulation results suggest that a profit-maximizing ridesourcing platform may trade-off market transaction volume for higher earnings on successful transactions, a strategy that is harmful to the interests of travellers and drivers, and possibly of (very) limited benefit to the platform. Moreover, we find that ridesourcing operations may be viable even when potential supply and demand in an area are limited.

The matching radius, defined as the maximum pick-up distance within which waiting riders and idle drivers can be matched, is a critical variable in ride-hailing systems. Optimizing the matching radius can significantly enhance system performance, but determining its optimal value is challenging due to the dynamic nature of ride-hailing environments. The matching radius should adapt to spatial and temporal variations, as well as to real-time fluctuations in supply and demand. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a dual-reply-buffer deep reinforcement learning method for dynamic matching radius optimization. By modeling the matching radius optimization problem as a Markov decision process, the method trains a policy network to adaptively adjust the matching radius in response to changing conditions in the ride-hailing system, thereby improving efficiency and service quality. We validate our method using real-world ride-hailing data from Austin, Texas. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms baseline approaches, achieving higher matching rates, shorter average pick-up distances, and better driver utilization across different scenarios.

Today, there is growing concern over the climate impact of long-distance travel – academic conference travel included. While institutions worldwide develop sustainability policies, it remains unclear whether academics are willing to adopt such measures and change their behaviours for environmental reasons. Based on a survey of 245 Spanish academics, we identify a set of motivational factors underlying individuals’ intentions towards conference travel. Using Latent-Class-Cluster-Analysis, we detect three distinct profiles: “Low-concerned academics”, with limited regard for environmental concerns and social norms; “Performance-oriented academics”, driven by career advancement; and “Flight-shamed academics”, highly aware of environmental and social issues. Additionally, we examine perceptions of the actual, minimum, and expected number of conferences attended annually, recognising notable discrepancies. Our findings can inform targeted policies in four key areas: promoting greener choices, reshaping academic culture to normalise lower-carbon practices, raising awareness and strengthening institutional engagement, and supporting online participation.

Recent advances in automation have accelerated the development of autonomous electric vehicles (AEVs), which offer the potential for continuous operation, constrained primarily by the need for recharging. We propose a dynamic charging strategy based on Mobile Autonomous Charging Pods (MAPs), which are battery-equipped electric vehicles capable of transferring energy to AEVs while in motion. We introduce a dedicated simulation framework within the microscopic traffic simulator SUMO, incorporating MAP-specific modules for assignment, navigation, and real-time energy transfer under realistic traffic constraints. We model the behavior of both MAPs and AEVs in a stylized looped network and evaluate system-level performance under various demand and fleet configurations. Key performance indicators include energy consumption, charging efficiency, battery utilization, and reductions in AEV battery capacity requirements. Simulation results demonstrate that MAPs can effectively support continuous AEV operation, achieving up to 14% battery downsizing with minimal infrastructure investment, while also reducing travel time by 7%, relative to fixed charging solutions. This study lays the foundation for simulation-based evaluation of MAP-based dynamic charging as a scalable, flexible, and efficient alternative to fixed charging solutions.

The shift towards environmentally friendly and efficient electric bus transportation systems oftentimes raises unexpected operational issues. This study models the Electric Bus Charging Station Location Problem (EB-CSLP) to develop a more resilient charging infrastructure, focusing on time-related and energy consumption uncertainties, specifically inter-station travel time delays. The model accommodates various charger types and maintains time continuity in the charging of electric buses. Initially formulated as a mixed-integer nonlinear program (MINLP), our stochastic optimization model is reformulated into a mixed-integer linear program (MILP) which minimizes both deadheading times and queue waiting times at the charging locations. The stochastic optimization model is tested in a real-world case study in Athens, Greece, considering multiple scenarios with varying inter-station travel times and energy consumption. The results demonstrate its effectiveness as a potential decision-support tool for selecting the optimal charger types and charging station locations under travel time and energy-related uncertainties.

Widespread congestion in metro systems often hinders passengers from boarding the first arriving train, making them compelled to adopt an alternative route, some of which involve travelling backwards. While this travel strategy has direct consequences for forecasting passenger flow distribution in congested networks, little is known about the travelling backwards phenomenon and why people adopt this travelling behaviour. The aim of this study is to understand passengers’ perception of time in various segments considering travelling backwards. To achieve this, we develop a route choice model using revealed preference data from smart card records. We find that passengers exhibit a greater aversion to waiting time and onboard time while travelling backwards. Specifically, passengers perceive each minute spent waiting on the turn-back stations’ platform as equivalent to 1.97 min on the origin platform. Similarly, each minute spent onboard the backwards train is perceived as equivalent to 1.24 min on the forwards train. Ignoring this difference in perception would result in the underestimation of the expected social benefits of demand management policies. Finally, we assess the potential benefits of travelling backwards under various passenger flow conditions, offering valuable policy insights regarding whether and how this behaviour should be regulated or promoted.

We investigate the correspondence between network-based public transport network (PTN) supply indicators and passenger demand at the node level, by systematically assessing correlations between node centrality measures and passenger boarding counts across different graph representations of PTNs. At the stop-level, undirected L- and P-space representations with three different edge weightings: unweighted, service-frequency-weighted, and in-vehicle-time-weighted are analysed. In each case, we calculate degree, closeness, betweenness and eigenvector centralities and examine the relation shapes. At the route level, we examine degree and eigenvector centrality for unweighted and weighted C-space representations. We introduce a modified C-space representation with self-loops, with service frequencies as self-loop weights, and propose eigenvector centrality as a route-level supply indicator. Stop- and route-level properties are integrated using the B-space representation. This methodology was applied to a case study for a bus PTN in Ljubljana, Slovenia. Results show strong correspondence between passenger demand and degree and eigenvector centrality scores in the frequency-weighted P-space (correlation ≈0.7−0.8). Notably, the relationship between eigenvector centrality and passenger counts in the new C-space representation with self-loops exhibits logarithmic behaviour. Furthermore, the results suggest a minimum eigenvector centrality threshold (≈10⁻³) for a route to start facilitating passenger use. The route-level results from the B-space analysis show exponential convergence of passenger counts to route eigenvector centrality. Results of the stop-level analysis are in line with previous research and deepen the understanding of centrality measures as supply indicators. Most significantly, the route-level analysis is novel, and the results open promising venues for further research.